Abstract. Our motivation is to determine whether risks such as implementation error-proneness can be isolated into three types of containers at design time. This paper identifies several container candidates in other research that fit the risk container concept. Two industrial case studies were used to determine which of three container types tested is most effective at isolating and predicting at design time the risk of implementation error-proneness. We found that Design Rule Containers were more effective than Use Case and Resource Containers.
Abstract-It is well understood that software development can be a risky enterprise and industrial projects often overrun budget and schedule. Effective risk management is, therefore, vital for a successful project outcome. Design Rule Spaces (DRSpaces) have been used by other researchers to understand why implemented software is error-prone [1, 2]. This industrial case study evaluates whether such spaces are durable, meaningful, and isolating risk containers. DRSpaces were created from UML class diagrams of architectural design artefacts. In our study, object orientated metrics were calculated from the UML diagrams, and compared to the error-proneness of the DRSpace implementation, to determine whether architectural coupling translated into implementation difficulties. A correlation between architectural coupling and error-proneness of DRSpaces was observed in the case study. Software developers were asked to identify DRSpaces they found difficult to implement, in order to understand which factors, other than architectural coupling, were also important. The qualitative results show agreement between the code areas developers found difficult to implement and the error-prone DRSpaces. However, the results also show that architectural coupling is just one risk factor of many. The case study suggests that architectural DRSpaces can be used to facilitate a targeted risk review prior to implementation and manage risk.
Finding problems at the design stage reduces the cost to resolve them. Previous studies have indicated that error-proneness risks can be isolated into risk containers created from architectural designs, to help mitigate such risks early on. Here we describe an ongoing experiment to establish whether presenting designs as a collection of such containers helps practitioners manage the isolated risks. Participants must identify cyclic dependencies that could result in errorproneness and assess the impact of design changes. The emerging results suggest it takes participants longer to locate cyclic dependencies in collections of container diagrams than it does in a single diagram representing the whole design. Participants who reviewed collections of container diagrams tended to identify more cyclic dependencies correctly than those using a single diagram. Although, the results suggest that presenting a design as a collection of containers has no overall bearing on a participant's ability to correctly identify impacts of design changes, in cases where changes span multiple container diagrams no errors in change impact detection were observed. Errors were observed when assessing the same change using a single diagram representing the whole design.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine what is meant by integrity and attempts to translate the concept into specific behaviors that can be taught and learned.Design/methodology/approachHighlights the topicality of integrity and shows why it is likely to become increasingly important in organizations.FindingsPresents four basic leadership‐integrity behaviors – moral purpose, lawful and ethical, consistency and standing for something. Highlights the importance of discerning what is right and wrong, acting on what one has discerned, even at personal cost, and saying openly that one is acting on what one understands to be right or wrong.Practical implicationsAdvances commercial arguments for developers to espouse and promote integrity and the importance of learning about it in their organizations. Shows that integrity underpins an organization's ultimate profitability and competitiveness, as well as increasing employees' pride, engagement with their jobs and customer loyalty. Claims that integrity has also been revealed to enhance company brand or reputation, improve efficiency, attract staff, conserve and sustain resources and mitigate business risk.Originality/valueEmphasizes that, in communicating the need to focus on integrity and offering ways to help leaders to develop their performance in this area, it makes sense to focus on what is productive for both the individual and the organization.
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