Excess electrons present in semiconductor nanocrystallites generate a significant electric field, yet the role this field plays in molecular charge transfer processes remains poorly understood. Three ruthenium bipyridyl cis-Ru(bpy)(LL)(NCS)2 compounds, where LL is a 4-substituted bpy, with zero, one, or two phenylene ethynylene bridge units, were anchored to mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films to specifically quantify interfacial charge transfer with chromophores designed to be set at variable distances from the surface. Injection of electrons into TiO2 resulted in a blue shift of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer absorption consistent with an underlying Stark effect. The electroabsorption data were used to quantify the electric field experienced by the compounds that decreased from 0.85 to 0.22 MV/cm as the number of OPE spacers increased from 0 to 2. Charge recombination on the 10(-8)-10(-5) s time scale correlated with the magnitude of the electric field with an apparent attenuation factor β = 0.12 Å(-1). Slow components to charge recombination observed on the 10(-4)-10(-1) s time scale that were unaffected by temperature, irradiance, or the bridge units present on the molecular sensitizer were attributed to electron tunneling between TiO2 acceptor states. The photocurrent efficiencies of solar cells based on these compounds decreased markedly when the bridge units were present on the sensitizer. Iodine was found to form adducts with all three compounds, K = 1.8 ± 0.2 × 10(4) M(-1), but only significantly lowered the excited state injection yield for those that possessed the bridge units.

A series of tetradentate 2,2':6',2″:6″,2‴-quaterpyridine-type ligands related to ppq (ppq = 8-(1″,10″-phenanthrol-2″-yl)-2-(pyrid-2'-yl)quinoline) have been synthesized. One ligand replaces the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) moiety of ppq with 2,2'-bipyridine and the other two ligands have a 3,3'-polymethylene subunit bridging the quinoline and pyridine. The structural result is that both the planarity and flexibility of the ligand are modified. Co(II) complexes are prepared and characterized by ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) and mass spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray analysis. The light-driven H2-evolving activity of these Co complexes was evaluated under homogeneous aqueous conditions using [Ru(bpy)3](2+) as the photosensitizer, ascorbic acid as a sacrificial electron donor, and a blue light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source. At pH 4.5, all three complexes plus [Co(ppq)Cl2] showed the fastest rate, with the dimethylene-bridged system giving the highest turnover frequency (2125 h(-1)). Cyclic voltammograms showed a significant catalytic current for H2 production in both aqueous buffer and H2O/DMF medium. Combined experimental and theoretical study suggest a formal Co(II)-hydride species as a key intermediate that triggers H2 generation. Spin density analysis shows involvement of the tetradentate ligand in the redox sequence from the initial Co(II) state to the Co(II)-hydride intermediate. How the ligand scaffold influences the catalytic activity and stability of catalysts is discussed, in terms of the rigidity and differences in conjugation for this series of ligands.

A chromophore–bridge–anchor molecular architecture is used to manipulate the molecular level energy position, with respect to the band edges of the substrate, of a chromophore bound to a surface via an anchor group. An energy shift of the chromophore’s frontier orbitals is induced by the addition of an oriented molecular dipole into the bridge part of the compound. This principle has been tested using three Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives of comparable structure: two of which possess a dipole, but pointing in opposite directions and, for comparison, a compound without a dipole. UV–vis absorption and emission spectroscopies have been used to probe the electronic structure of the compounds in solution, while UV photoemission spectroscopy has been used to measure the relative position of the molecular levels of the chromophore with respect to the band edges of a ZnO(11–20) single crystal substrate. It is shown that the introduction of a molecular dipole does not alter the chromophore’s HOMO–LUMO gap, and that the molecular level alignment of the compounds bound to the ZnO surface follows the behavior predicted by a simple parallel-plate capacitor model.

Interfacial charge separation and recombination were quantified at sensitized mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 interfaces immersed in acetonitrile electrolyte. Two sensitizers contained a phenylenethynylene spacer between a cis-Ru(NCS)2 core and TiO2 anchoring groups, and a third sensitizer did not contain the spacer, cis-Ru(dcb)(bpy)(NCS)2, where bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine and dcb is 4,4′-(CO2H)2-bpy. Excited-state injection occurred with approximately the same yield for all these sensitizers and was rapid with k inj > 108 s−1. Representative charge recombination rate constants from nanosecond transient absorption data were quantified by a distribution analysis, based on the Kohlrausch−Williams−Watts model, and were found to be 3 times slower for the sensitizers with the phenylenethynylene spacer. Slow recombination kinetics manifested itself as an increased open circuit photovoltage, V oc. The V oc values measured experimentally were contrasted with calculated values abstracted from the diode equation with ideality factors around 3 and the rate constants for charge recombination measured spectroscopically.

Three Zn(II) tetraphenylporphyrins (ZnTPP) were synthesized to study the influence of a molecular dipole on the energy level alignment of a chromophore bound to a metal oxide semiconductor: ZnTPP-PE(DA)-IpaOMe (1), ZnTPP-PE-IpaOMe (2), and ZnTPP-PE(AD)-IpaOMe (3). Each contained a rigid-rod linker made of a p-phenylene ethynylene (PE) moiety terminated with the methyl ester of an isophthalic acid unit (Ipa). Porphyrins 1 and 3 contained an intramolecular dipole in the central phenyl ring, which was built by introducing electron donor (D, NMe2) and acceptor (A, NO2) substituents in para position to each other. In 1 and 3, the relative position of the D and A substituents, and therefore the dipole direction, was reversed. Porphyrin 2, without substituents in the linker, was synthesized for a comparison. The structures of precursors to 1 and 3 and the structure of 1 were determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Solution UV-vis and steady-state fluorescence spectra of 1-3 were identical to each other and exhibited the spectral features typical of the ZnTPP chromophore and their electrochemical properties were also very similar. Methyl esters 1-3 were hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acids for binding to metal oxide semiconductors.