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UV laser flash photolysis (308 nm, 15 ns) with UV/vis monitoring and with time-resolved IR spectroscopy has been used to characterize two transient species formed by the photolysis of CpMn(CO)3 (Cp = v5-C5H5) in alkane solution. The fiist species has been identified as CPM~(CO)~S where S = cyclohexane or n-heptane, from both its kinetic behavior and its IR spectrum. CpMn(C0)&3 reacts with CO, Nz, and PPh3 with bimolecular rate constants similar to those previously published for the corresponding reactions of the group 6 metal pentacarbonyls. The second transient species CpzMnz(CO)5 is formed by the reacton of CpMn(C0)2S with unphotolyzed C~M n ( c 0 )~. 13C0 enrichment and IR spectroscopy are used to establish that CpzMnz(C0)5 has a single bridging CO group. The formation of Cp,Mn,(CO), can be suppressed by reagents, e.g. PPh,, added to the solution.

Objectives: To describe the implementation of guidelines for vaccine storage in general practice, and their effectiveness in achieving optimum vaccine storage temperatures in fridges. Design: Repeated cross‐sectional surveys over time ‐ phase 1 1996/97, phase 2 1998/99, phase 3 1999/2000. Setting: Central Coast, New South Wales. Participants: Phase 1 — all general practices on the Central Coast. Phases 2 and 3 — samples of practices. Interventions: Each practice was surveyed about how they stored vaccines. A datalogger recorded fridge temperatures over six days. Individual feedback and advice were given. Main outcome measures: Proportion of: 1. fridges maintaining a temperature in the 2–8°C range; 2. fridges freezing; 3. practices with one person responsible for vaccine storage; 4. fridge temperature checked daily; 5. fridges storing no items other than vaccines; 6. fridges with thermometers; and 7. associations between storage practices and fridge temperatures. Results: In phase 1, 102 fridges, and in phase 3, a random sample of 36 practices was surveyed. The findings for phase 1 and phase 3 respectively were: 31% and 50% of fridges were in the 2–8°C range; 36% and 25% were <0°C; one person was responsible in 52% and 53% of cases; 20% and 38% reported daily checks; 74% and 94% of fridges had no extraneous items and 53% and 86% of fridges had thermometers. No statistically significant associations were found between vaccine storage practices and fridge temperatures. Conclusions: Despite improvements in vaccine storage practices, a quarter of fridges were freezing, thereby compromising the potency of many of the immunisation schedule vaccines.

In the Central Coast Local Health District of New South Wales, Australia, childhood immunisation (CI) rates are around 95%, but pockets of underimmunisation exist. Using the World Health Organization’s Tailoring Immunization Programmes, we identified areas of potential low vaccine coverage using Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) data (2016–18) and investigated factors that influence CI. Individual and group interviews with carers, community members and service providers (n=52 participants) were conducted. Data were analysed thematically and the themes presented to stakeholders for feedback before finalisation. During 2018, Umina had 218 children at least 1 month overdue for at least one vaccination. Five themes emerged: (1) broader socioeconomic factors may apply pressures that influence CI; (2) parents largely supported immunisation and knew of its benefits to their children and the community; (3) immunisation service providers are committed, experienced and collaborate with community partners; (4) there is potential to increase access to free immunisation services in Umina; and (5) AIR data and reminder systems could be better used to inform service delivery and prompt parents before immunisations are due. This study identified opportunities to improve CI coverage in Umina and new information useful in developing a tailored immunisation strategy. Awareness of the pressures socioeconomic factors may have on families could help plan and deliver supportive primary health care that includes equitable access to immunisation.