Summary.The association between perception of risk of HIV infection and sexual behaviour remains poorly understood, although perception of risk is considered to be the first stage towards behavioural change from risk-taking to safer behaviour. Using data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, logistic regression models were fitted to examine the direction and the strength of the association between perceived risk of HIV/AIDS and risky sexual behaviour in the last 12 months before the survey. The findings indicate a strong positive association between perceived risk of HIV/AIDS and risky sexual behaviour for both women and men. Controlling for sociodemographic, sexual exposure and knowledge factors such as age, marital status, education, work status, residence, ethnicity, source of AIDS information, specific knowledge of AIDS, and condom use to avoid AIDS did not change the direction of the association, but altered its strength slightly. Young and unmarried women and men were more likely than older and married ones to report risky sexual behaviour. Ethnicity was significantly associated with risky sexual behaviour, suggesting a need to identify the contextual and social factors that influence behaviour among Kenyan people.

ObjectivesTo quantify trends in changing sex ratios of births before and after the legalisation of abortion in Nepal. While sex-selective abortion is common in some Asian countries, it is not clear whether the legal status of abortion is associated with the prevalence of sex-selection when sex-selection is illegal. In this context, Nepal provides an interesting case study. Abortion was legalised in 2002 and prior to that, there was no evidence of sex-selective abortion. Changes in the sex ratio at birth since legalisation would suggest an association with legalisation, even though sex-selection is expressly prohibited.DesignAnalysis of data from four Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted in 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011.SettingNepal.Participants31 842 women aged 15–49.Main outcome measureConditional sex ratios (CSRs) were calculated, specifically the CSR for second-born children where the first-born was female. This CSR is where the evidence of sex-selective abortion will be most visible. CSRs were looked at over time to assess the impact of legalisation as well as for population sub-groups in order to identify characteristics of women using sex-selection.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2010, the CSR for second-order births where the first-born was a girl was found to be 742 girls per 1000 boys (95% CI 599 to 913). Prior to legalisation of abortion (1998–2000), the same CSR was 1021 (906–1150). After legalisation, it dropped most among educated and richer women, especially in urban areas. Just 325 girls were born for every 1000 boys among the richest urban women.ConclusionsThe fall in CSRs witnessed post-legalisation indicates that sex-selective abortion is becoming more common. This change is very likely driven by both supply and demand factors. Falling fertility has intensified the need to bear a son sooner, while legal abortion services have reduced the costs and risks associated with obtaining an abortion.

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Summary. This paper forms an introduction to a symposium on the territorial behaviour of birds. Following Noble (1939), territory is defined as “any defended area”. A simple classification of breeding territories is given, and the diversity of territorial behaviour emphasized. Territorial behaviour can be analysed into at least two components—restriction of some or all types of behaviour to a particular area, and defence of that area. These are often accompanied by self‐advertisement. The aggressive behaviour which arises in different situations depends primarily on the same mechanisms, though the fighting may be specialized to serve different functions (e.g. to defend different objects). This justifies the broad definition of territory given above. The fighting involved in territorial defence is associated with tendencies both to attack and to flee from the rival. The nature of the evidence concerning the biological functions of territorial behaviour is considered. In previous discussions of this subject the term “function” has sometimes been used to refer to any advantageous consequence of the behaviour, and sometimes restricted to consequences through which selection in favour of the behaviour can act. Various possible functions of territory are considered. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the familiarity with the area which results from site attachment may assist feeding, escape from predators, etc., and may also increase fighting potentiality. There is strong evidence that territorial behaviour, in addition to producing over‐dispersion, can regulate density in favoured habitats. There is no direct evidence that territory limits the total breeding population in all habitats. In many species, it facilitates the formation and maintenance of the pair‐bond. It may also reduce interference in various reproductive activities by other members of the species. Defence of the nest‐site is an important consequence of territorial behaviour in many species, and the aggressive behaviour is often clearly specialized to this end. In a few species territory is primarily concerned with food, but in most the food value of the territory is not significant. Even in the species which feed on their territories, the territorial behaviour is not specialized for the defence of food objects:in these cases it is possible, but unproven, that the territorial behaviour does help to ensure an adequate supply of food for the young. In some species the over‐dispersion produced by territorial behaviour may reduce predation, though direct evidence that this is the case is not available. Maintenance of a territory may reduce the despotism of other males, but this does not explain the function of territorial aggressiveness. Territorial behaviour may reduce disease, but this is unlikely to be a significant consequence except in some colonial species. It is unlikely that the prevention of inbreeding and the promotion of range extension are significant consequences of territorial behaviour. The functions of territorial behaviour are e...

DATA AND METHODSUsually, data on family planning and family formation are derived from women's responses to survey questionnaires. Since 1990, the DHS has been collecting nationally representative data from men on a range of reproductive health issues, including contraceptive use and fertility behavior. However, these data have received little attention compared with data collected from women, possibly because men are thought to give less reliable information, especially regarding their attitudes and behaviors related to family planning.The 2001 DHS was the first Nepal survey to collect data from a nationally representative sample of men. The male data set includes 2,261 ever-married males aged 15-59, and the female data set includes 8,726 ever-married females aged 15-49. The matched couple data set (N=1,858) comprises currently married individuals from both of these samples, and so some data that are missing for husbands can be ascertained from their wives' responses. In the couple data set, the average age at first marriage was 19.9 years (standard deviation, 3.9 years) for men and 16.5 years (standard deviation, 2.8 years) for women.Of these married men, we excluded 188 who did not have any living children at the time of the survey, 18 who were younger than 20 (of whom only two wanted no more children), 431 who wanted to have more children, 89 whose wives were pregnant, 71 whose wives had experienced menopause or hysterectomy and 20 whose wives were infecund or subfecund. (We excluded men whose wives were pregnant or unable to bear more children because it was difficult to determine whether these men's responses regarding their own fertility intentions accounted for the current status of their wives.) Thus, our sample included 1,041 men aged 20 or older who had at least one living child and said that they wanted no more children.* The dependent variable in our analysis was contraceptive use as reported by Nepalese men, coded into five categories: female sterilization, male sterilization, condoms, other temporary method and nonuse. The other temporary method category consisted of the injectable, periodic abstinence and withdrawal, which constituted about three-quarters of this category, and the pill and the IUD, which made up the remainder. Men's responses regarding contraceptive use were considered reliable because they usually decide which method to use. However, it is possible that wives use methods such as the injectable without the knowledge of their husbands because of fear of opposition from them or other family members. In the couple data set, 98% of permanent method use was reported consistently by both husbands and wives, whereas there were substantial inconsistencies in reporting the use of tempo-

This article has two objectives. First, it aims to complement and extend existing research on post-socialist demographic change, which has thus far tended to focus on Central and Eastern Europe. It does this by describing the nature of postSoviet trends in nuptiality and fertility in Tajikistan, the republic with the highest rate of population growth during the Soviet period. It finds evidence for a decrease in period fertility after independence: initially, through a decline at higher orders; then, through a significant decrease in the rate of first births, associated with a dramatic decrease in the rate of first union formation since the mid-1990s. Second, it aims to contribute to the demography of conflict and of food crisis. Most clearly, it finds strong evidence for a decrease in nuptiality and fertility associated with the 1995 food crisis.Keywords Post-Soviet Á Central Asia Á Tajikistan Á Fertility Á Union formation Á Civil war Á Food crisis Résumé Cet article a deux objectifs. Premièrement, il contribue à enrichir et élargir les recherches relatives aux changements démographiques observés au cours de la période post-socialiste, focalisées jusqu'à présent sur l'Europe Centrale et Orientale, en décrivant les caractéristiques des évolutions post-soviétiques de la nuptialité et de la fécondité au Tadjikistan, République ayant eu le taux de croissance de la population le plus élevé au cours de la période soviétique. Après l'indépendance, le déclin de la fécondité transversale a d'abord débuté par une baisse des naissances de rangs élevés, puis a continué avec une baisse du taux des naissances de premier rang associée à une chute dramatique du taux de formation de la première union depuis le

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