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Three experiments investigated the way participants construct causal chains from experience with the individual links that make up those chains. Participants were presented with contingency information about the relationship between events A and B, as well as events B and C, using trial-by-trial presentations. The A-B and B-C contingencies could be positive, negative, or zero. Although participants had never experienced A and C together, A-C ratings were a multiplicative function of the A-B and B-C contingencies. These findings can be generated by an auto-associator using the delta rule. This explanation is also useful for understanding sensory preconditioning and second-order conditioning.

We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of measurements of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 375 traits across 29230 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxa descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological parameters (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual-, species- and genus-level observations coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties. This data descriptor provides information on version 2.1.0 of AusTraits which contains data for 937243 trait-by-taxa combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data to increase our collective understanding of the Australian flora.