Palladium nanoparticles were entrapped within resin plugs and used in a range of ligand-free cross-coupling reactions; the convenient modular format of the resin plug enhanced resin handling and allowed the catalysts to be easily recovered and multiply reused.
A simple. manually operated, continuous flow apparatus is described for solid (gel) phase peptide synthesis. The approach uses an unsupported phenolic bead form core network at an initial matrix loading of 5 nimol g I , the theoretical maximum. The synthesis is performed in a flow reactor under low pressure conditions. "Layered displacement" of reagent solutions and washing solvents is an cssential feature that has been developed to facilitate efficient peptide synthesis. The usefulness of the present system in conjunction with Nx Boc protected amino acids is illustrated by the syntheses of [ Leu5]-enkephalin and dermorphin. The potential for scalc up synthesis has also been investigated. K q iirmfst continuous flow; phcnolic polymer; ultra-high load; unsupported solid (gel) phase peptide synthcsisThe potential advantages of peptide synthesis performed in a continuous flow manner have been recognised for nearly 20 yr (1-3) but have been difficult to realise in practice. There are a number of advantages when solid phase peptide synthesis is performed in a column reactor through which reagent solutions and washing solvents pass in a continuous manner compared to reactors in which the solid support is in dis-* A preliminary report of this work has been published in Peptides Abbreviations used for amino acids follow the rules of IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature in J. Bid. Clieni (1989) 264, 668-673. All of the amino acids are of the L-configuration unless otherwise stated. Addilional abbreviations are: AcOH, acetic acid: BF3Et20. boron trifluoride etherate; Boc, tert.-butyloxycarbonyl; Bzl, bcnzyl; Br-Z. 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl; CH3CN. acetonitrile;
2, 4‐Dinitrophenyl‐L‐phenylalanine has been coupled to L‐, D‐, and DL‐amino acid phenyl esters pendant upon a polymer matrix. The esters had been prepared by di‐isopropylcarbodiimide‐mediated condensation, catalyzed by 4‐dimethylaminopyridine. Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), using elution solvents consisting of 10 vol.‐% trifluoroacetic acid in water/acetonitrile mixtures, has been used to investigate the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl L‐L and L‐D dipeptide mixtures obtained on hydrazinolysis of each of the dipeptide‐matrix assemblies. ‘Hydrazinolysis‐HPLC’ has been used also to determine intermediate peptide homogeneity in ultra‐high load solid (gel) phase synthesis with Boc amino acids. Cross‐linked poly(N‐[2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]acrylamide) and two derived polymers incorporating spacer groups have been used as supports. The spacer groups made possible peptide C‐terminal attachment by either HF‐labile benzyl ester or HF‐labile cyclohexyl ester bonds, while still incorporating the phenolic ester linkage susceptible to rapid hydrazinolytic scission.
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