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Gati's (1986) theory of models of career decision making is discussed in reference to Taylor's (1985) theory of evaluation modes. It is suggested that there exist at least 3 basic orientations for making career decisions: optimalizing, guesting and instant choice. It is argued that these orientations do not simply represent alternative algorithms for acquiring and processing information related to career decisions, a la Gati, but instead speak to the phenomenologically moral nature of the career decision-making situation in a way that Gati's models do not. Implications for career counseling are discussed.Prior to Gati's (1986) foray into the issue of justification for various models of career decision making, most theorists 502 This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

Background COVID-19 has taken its toll on citizens in all 50 states of the United States. The United States (U.S.) leads the world with 30,291,863 confirmed reported cases and 549,664 deaths as of March 29, 2021 compared to globally confirmed cases at 127,442,926 and 2,787,915 deaths as of March 29, 2021. The U.S. federal government primarily left the response to the virus to individual states, and each implemented varying measures designed to protect health of citizens and the state’s economic well-being. Unintended consequences of the virus and measures to stop its spread may include decreased physical activity and exercise, shifting access and consumption of food, and lower quality-of-life. Therefore, our primary goal was to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on health and well-being by measuring changes in physical activity, mental health-quality of life, food security and nutrition in adults ages 40 and older. We believed shifts in health behaviors would be more prevalent in minorities, less educated, lower socio-economic status, older adults, and those with underlying health conditions, so a secondary goal was to determine the impact of COVID-19 on these sub-populations. Methods We conducted an online survey with 9969 adults 40 years and older between 9 August and 15 September 2020 in urban areas across the four U.S. census regions. The survey included questions about demographic variables, pre-existing health conditions, physical activity, access to food, quality-of-life, and nutritional food status and asked participants to respond with information from pre-pandemic and pandemic conditions. We used paired-sample t-tests to detect changes in variables after the start of the pandemic and Cohen’s d to determine effect sizes. Results Our main findings showed a decrease in physical activity since the onset of COVID-19 for minorities and non-minorities. Food security also slightly increased for minorities during the pandemic, but we found no other changes in food security, quality-of-life indicators, or nutritional status of those who responded to this survey. Conclusions It is concerning that physical activity declined. Such activity helps maintain physical and mental health, and it is also an important time to socialize for many older adults. In many ways, our data indicate that the older adult population in U.S. cities may be more resilient than expected during the pandemic. However, the pandemic could have negative impacts that we did not detect, either due to the survey instrument or the timing of our survey, so the health and well-being of older adults should continue to be monitored in order to mitigate potential negative impacts.

This study tested the degree to which subscales of the LASSI for Learning Online (LLO) (Weinstein & Palmer, 2006), a measure of learning strategies and study skills, predict student success in the form of passing grades, using a combination of large training (N = 4,409) and cross-validation (N = 3,203) samples. Discriminant function analysis against student success (GPA = 2.0 in Term 3) resulted in an overall hit-rate of 67%, and specificity and sensitivity of 70% and 60%, respectively. The present study also provides the first empirical evidence reported for the predictive validity for the online adaptation of the LASSI.

An outgrowth of the search for individual differences serving to enhance the predictability of behavior has led to speculations on the nature of personality characteristics which might moderate the extent to which work outcomes depend on degree of person- environment fit or congruence. This study investigated the extent to which three constructs proposed by Holland (1985; differentiation, consistency, and vocational identity) indeed moderate the strength of the congruence-satisfaction relationship. A sample of 139 employed adults who had completed Strong Interest Inventories between 1 and 6 years earlier completed measures of job satisfaction and vocational identity. The results indicated that none of Holland's proposed constructs moderated the strength of the congruence-satisfaction relationship, although congruence did emerge as a stronger predictor of job satisfaction for older males than for younger males. Implications for vocational assessment and career counseling are discussed.