Fault ride-through (FRT) is required for large wind farms in most power systems. Fixed speed wind turbines (FSWTs) are a diminishing but significant sector in the fast-growing wind turbine (WT) market. State-of-art techniques applied to meet grid requirements for FSWT wind farms are blade pitching and dynamic reactive power compensation (RPC). Blade pitching is constrained by the onerous mechanical loads imposed on a wind turbine during rapid power restoration. Dynamic RPC is constrained by its high capital cost. These present technologies can therefore be limiting, especially when connecting to smaller power systems. A novel alternative technology is proposed that inserts series resistance into the generation circuit. The series dynamic braking resistor (SDBR) dissipates active power and boosts generator voltage, potentially displacing the need for pitch control and dynamic RPC. This paper uses a representative wind farm model to study the beneficial effect of SDBR compared to dynamic RPC. This is achieved by quasi-steady-state characterization and transient FRT stability simulations. The analysis shows that SDBR can substantially improve the FRT performance of a FSWT wind farm. It also shows that a small resistance, inserted for less than one second, can displace a substantial capacity of dynamic RPC.
This paper reviews the present purpose and functioning of grid codes for the proper operation of ‘national’ power networks. Now that embedded generation, including especially windfarms, may have total capacities large enough to compare with previous central generating plant, the grid codes are being changed to accommodate such generation. Modern wind turbines need to operate under new and challenging constraints that require the introduction of both new technology and sympathetic grid regimes. The most important characteristics affecting both the grid and the turbines are examined. It is concluded that modern wind turbines can generally be designed to support the maintenance of grid supply, frequency and voltage more effectively than present central plant. However, the manner in which that is achieved needs to be different in many respects from current codes that were developed around the characteristics of central and conventional plant. Indications of the necessary changes in grid codes are given.
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