The excessive, indiscriminate, and continued use of anthelmintic drugs as control methods favors parasite resistance, and this phenomenon has been reported in Brazil and worldwide. The current status of parasite resistance to anthelmintic drugs in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul was assessed by calculating the EPG count in the stool to estimate the prevalence of resistance to the anthelmintic drugs closantel, levamisole, fenbendazole, monepantel, and moxidectin in seven properties. The animals from each flock were randomly distributed in six groups according to the anthelminthic drug used, as follows: T1, levamisole; T2, fenbendazole; T3, monepantel; T4, moxidectin; T5, closantel; and T6, control. On day zero, fecal samples were collected, and each animal was treated with one anthelminthic drug. Fecal samples were collected again after 14 days to calculate the efficacy of each active principle. Coproculture was performed using a pool of fecal samples from each group on day 0 and 14 to identify the predominant genera and prevalence of helminths. The genera identified in the coprocultures were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, and Teladorsagia. All flocks developed resistance to levamisole, fenbendazole, moxidectin, and closantel. Moreover, resistance to monepantel was found in four of the seven farms. These results demonstrate the critical situation of anthelmintic resistance in sheep flocks in Rio Grande do Sul and the need to adopt other integrated control measures in addition to anthelmintic treatment.
RESUMO Atualmente o uso de sensores portáteis para mensuração de corpos cetônicos está padronizado e difundido na rotina clínica, contudo estudos em ovinos são escassos. Assim, a presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a acurácia dos sensores portáteis de uso humano e de uso veterinário para a determinação de beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB) em ovelhas no final da gestação e no pós-parto recente. Foram utilizadas 37 amostras de sangue provenientes de nove ovelhas mestiças Corriedale. A determinação bioquímica de BHB no soro, considerada como o padrão-ouro, foi realizada utilizando-se metodologia enzimática colorimétrica. A média obtida na bioquímica sérica foi de 0,497mmol/L; no sensor de uso humano, a média foi igual a 0,537mmol/L, enquanto no sensor de uso veterinário foi de 0,751mmol/L. Foi verificada alta correlação entre o dosímetro de uso humano e o padrão-ouro (r=0,93, P<0,001). A média do aparelho de uso veterinário diferiu das demais (51%; P<0,05), superestimando os resultados em ovelhas. As medições obtidas no aparelho veterinário também apresentaram menor precisão e veracidade. Concluiu-se que o sensor portátil de uso humano é mais acurado e mais preciso no diagnóstico precoce de toxemia da gestação em ovelhas.
Background:The crystallization of bodily fluids, primarily saliva, has been the subject of study in many species and is a simple alternative to detect estrus because it demands neither a significant financial investment nor qualified professionals to execute the examination. Fern pattern crystallization has been described in the cervical and nasal mucus, saliva and tear secretion, and in colostrum. Changes in salivary crystallization during the reproduction cycle are related to different hormonal concentrations in this period. Thus, the present study has evaluated the patterns of saliva crystallization in sheep subjected to estrus induction and synchronization protocols. Materials, Methods & Results:The sample consisted of 11 crossbreed Corriedale sheep, which were evaluated during two experimental periods (spring and autumn), and that underwent induction and synchronizing estrus protocols. In a random phase of the estrus cycle (day 0), each sheep was implanted with an intravaginal device (Primer®), impregnated with 0.36 g of progesterone for seven days. This device was inserted according to manufacturer's instructions of the manufacturer and with the assistance of a specific applicator. On the day of device removal (day 7), the animals received 0.0375 mg of D-Cloprostenol (Prolise®) and 10 mg of Folltropin® extracted from the swine pituitary (NIH-FSH-P1 of Folltropin-V) by intramuscular administration. The saliva was collected at six points during the experimental periods: day 1 (3 days before placement of the implant); day 4 (day of insertion of the implant); day 9 (5 days after the insertion of the implant); day 11 (day of removal of the implant and application of hormones); day 12 (24 h after removal of the implant [presumable estrus]); and day 13 (48 h after removal of the implant). Smears containing 10 µL of saliva were observed under an optical light microscope (x200) for assessment of saliva crystallization. Salivary crystallization was classified in scores from 0 to 3 based on the extent of crystallization observed in the slide, also considering filling of the observation field (x200) and type of arborization pattern observed, as follows: 0= without crystallization; 1= too little crystallization; 2= low crystallization; and 3= large amount of crystallization. The patterns of crystallization found in sheep demonstrated an increase in quantity, diversity, definition, and size of sheets as the period of estrus approached and were different than those tipically described in the literature. Patterns of salivary crystallization followed the phases of the estrus cycle defined by the estrus induction and synchronization protocol. Discussion: Salivary crystallization in the sheep used in this study exhibited patterns that were different than those typically described in the literature. In the spring, salivary crystallization score demonstrated variation from day1 to 11 of the protocol, when the predominant hormone was progesterone released by the implant (diestrus). However, in Autumn, on day 4 (implant placement...
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