BackgroundCanine breed conformation may interfere with locomotion and may predispose to orthopedic disease. Bulldogs have a high incidence of orthopedic diseases such as hip dysplasia. Kinetic gait analysis provides an objective way to assess and analyze locomotion. The aim of this study was to study the vertical forces of English Bulldogs during walk using a pressure sensitive walkway. We hypothesize that Bulldogs affected by orthopedic diseases have decreased weight bearing and asymmetric locomotion in the limbs despite having mild to no sings during clinical examination. Thirty English Bulldogs were tested. Peak vertical force, vertical impulse, rate of loading, stance phase duration, symmetry index, goniometry and incidence of orthopedic diseases were recorded.ResultsAlthough none of the dogs showed signs of pain or discomfort upon manipulation of the hip joints, all dogs had radiographic evidences of hip dysplasia and lack of significant peak vertical force, vertical impulse and stance time differences. The dogs had a mean hind limb symmetry index of 19.8 ± 19.5% and rates of loading ranged from 1.0 to 3.1.ConclusionsDespite the lack of evident decrease in weight bearing, subclinical lameness can be inferred. The examined dogs had a mean hind limb symmetry index of 19.8 ± 19.5%. Symmetry indices reported in dogs free from orthopedic diseases range from 0.3 to 9.6%. Given non-lame dogs are expected to have a symmetry index close to 0%, data from this study suggests that Bulldogs have gait dysfunctions, which translates into hind limb asymmetries and rate of loading was consistent with severe hip dysplasia despite no visible signs of gait dysfunction. Future studies comparing lame and non-lame Bulldogs are warranted.
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate mobility performance in dogs suffering from hip osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia using kinesiology. Materials and Methods Twenty dogs with a radiographical diagnosis of bilateral hip dysplasia and hip osteoarthritis and 20 healthy dogs were submitted to kinetic and kinematic analysis while climbing upstairs, walking down a slope, sitting down, standing up, and walking. Dogs were also scored by two blind examiners using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results Dysplastic dogs had lower peak vertical force (4% of body weight on average), increased symmetry index (12.6% difference on average) and reduced maximum hip joint extension angle and range of motion (ROM) in all tests. Mean hip joint range of motion difference was 11, 20, 25.4 and 25.2 degrees (walking, climbing upstairs, walking down a slope, sitting down and standing up exercise respectively). The VAS scores varied widely between examiners; still, healthy and dysplastic dog mobility differed across all physical test tasks. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Gait changes were observed in all physical tasks performed by dysplastic dogs with hip osteoarthritis, particularly in those requiring higher levels of effort. Comprehensive, quantitative assessment of dogs suffering from hip osteoarthritis across a range of physical activities is recommended.
Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is one of the most important orthopedic conditions in dogs, leading to joint instability, pain, osteoarthritis and eventually to meniscal injuries. Several surgical techniques have been described to reestablish joint stability following CCLR, including extracapsular procedures. This study compared the biomechanical effects of two extracapsular stabilization techniques (lateral fabello-tibial suture -LFTS, and modified retinacular imbrication technique -MRIT) using nylon leader line following experimental CCLR in cadaver dogs. Twenty canine cadaveric stifles were used. Joint stiffness, cranial and caudal tibial displacement were evaluated in 4 different experimental scenarios: intact stifle, stifle with CCLR, CCLR treated with lateral fabello-tibial suture (LFTS), and CCLR treated with modified retinacular imbrication technique (MRIT). Results: Mean cranial tibial displacement increased progressively from intact to MRIT, LFTS and CCRL stifles. MRIT resulted in less caudal drawer motion than LFTS. Joint stiffness did not differ significantly between LFTS and MRIT treated stifles. Conclusion: LFTS and MRIT increase joint stability but MRIT is more effective; however none of the techniques studied was able to restore original intact stifle stiffness. Clinical implications of the results presented remain to be determined but kinetic gait analysis studies are warranted to determine whether this biomechanical advantage translates into improved hind limb function in dogs. Key words: Biomechanics. Cranial cruciate ligament. Dogs. Fabellar suture. Stifle. ResumoA ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr) é uma das principais afecções ortopédicas em cães e resulta na instabilidade do joelho, dor, desenvolvimento de osteoartrose, podendo também causar lesão de menisco. Com o intuito de restabelecer a estabilidade da articulação, muitas técnicas são utilizadas, dentre elas, as extracapsulares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a avaliação biomecânica de duas dessas técnicas em 20 joelhos de cadáveres de cães utilizando-se fio de náilon leader line. Nestas peças foram avaliados a rigidez articular e o deslocamento tanto cranial quanto caudal da tíbia em quatro situações distintas: joelho íntegro; joelho com RLCCr e sutura fabelo-tibial lateral (SFTL); joelho com RLCCr e sutura fabelo-tibial lateral e medial (SFTLM); e por fim, o joelho com RLCCr sem as técnicas de estabilização. Houve diferença no deslocamento cranial entre todas as situações, sendo em ordem crescente, o joelho integro, com SFTLM, com SFTL e por fim, o joelho com RLCCr não estabilizado. Na comparação da presença de movimento de gaveta caudal a técnica de SFTLM apresentou menor deslocamento que a técnica de SFTL. Com relação à rigidez tanto cranial quanto caudal, as duas técnicas não apresentaram diferença. As duas técnicas testadas diminuem a instabilidade do joelho, sendo a SFTLM mais efetiva, e nenhuma delas restaurou a rigidez articular de um joelho íntegro. As implicações clínicas dos resultad...
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