In the case of sexual arousal, expectancy effects are sufficiently strong to counter the prevailing physiological response to alcohol, which is a decrease in penile and vaginal responsiveness to erotic stimuli (Briddell &

Although studies have shown that expectancies can determine actual behavioral effects of alcohol, no study has yet investigated whether expectancies develop from pharmacological experience with alcohol or from social-learning factors. The present study compared these two possible influences on the development of alcohol-related expectancies by investigating adolescents in transition from nondrinking to adult drinking practices. To this end, an adolescent expectancy questionnaire was constructed for use with 1,580 subjects, aged 12 to 19. Expectancy factor structure was determined separately in 12-to 14-year-olds, 15to 16-year-olds, 17-to 19-year-olds, and very low-versus high-experience adolescent drinkers. Results showed that six expectancy factors repeated across all age groups: physical tension reduction, diversion from worry, increased interpersonal power, magical transformation of experiences, enhanced pleasure, and modification of social-emotional behavior. Five of these themes were present in adolescents wjth very little or no drinking experience. Expectancy factor content did, however, alter with increasing drinking experience and age to become more homogeneous. Hence, relatively well-developed expectancies do exist prior to alcohol usage, but pharmacological experience with alcohol crystallizes existing expectancies. The factors extracted were remarkably consistent with those from factor analytic investigations of alcohol expectancies in adults. These findings suggest that prophylactic intervention to decrease the risk of adult problem drinking must begin with children.''Rejuests for reprints should be sent to Mark S. Gold-. One of the most significant findings of this man, Department of Psychology, Wayne State Univer-investigation was that alcohol expectancies sity, Detroit, Michigan 48202.were related to individual drinking patterns.

Shooting incidents involving patrol officers are examined for the effect of suspect race and degree of hazard in the number of shots fired and hits made on suspects. Additional tests examine frequencies of shooting incidents among Blacks and Whites with respect to city population and various measures of police‐citizen contact. Finally, fatalities are examined with respect to involvement in shooting and arrest rates. The results suggest an effect for degree of hazard; however, there was no evidence to suggest police bias against Blacks.

A number of recent studies have investigated the effects of nonperformance factors (i.e., gender and race) on a variety of organizational criteria, including performance evaluations. It is argued that results from studies of this nature may be attributable to a research design that bears little resemblance to the performance appraisal process in real organizational contexts. Consequently, the present study was designed to examine the effects of two nonperformance factors (ratee race and rater race) and an index of ratee past performance on performance ratings in a real organizational setting. Results of a higher-order multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effects of ratee race, past performance, rater race, and a Ratee X Rater interaction. All of these sources of variance combined, however, accounted for no more than 4% of the total variance in performance ratings. Reasons for the low relationship between past performance and oral interview performance are discussed, and the generalizability of results from past laboratory studies to performance evaluation in real organizational environments is questioned.The past decade has witnessed much research aimed at defining and identifying both access and treatment discrimination in organizations. Many of these studies have focused on such issues as causal attributions of job behaviors (