In order to contribute to the zooplanktonic community knowledge, particularly the Copepoda subclass at Providence and Santa Catalina Islands (Colombian Caribbean), 47 zooplankton samples got in October 2005 (rainy season) were analyzed. 42 species from Calanoida, Poecilostomatoida, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida and Siphonostomatoida orders were found. Clausocalanus arcuicornis, C. furcatus, Calocalanus pavo, C. contractus, Pontella securifer, Lucicutia !avicornis, Subeucalanus mucronatus, Rhincalanus cornutus, Paracalanus sewelli, Centropages bradyi, Acartia tonsa, Lubbockia squillimana, Saphirella tropica, Euterpina sp. and Caligus sp., were new records for the islands. The Caribbean Equatorial Current circulation, Wilma and Beta Hurricanes passing through the Colombian Caribbean and continental runoff on the west side of the island, were the principal factors affecting copepod abundances and spatial distribution.
In order to determine the influence of the ocean and atmospheric coupling dynamics on upwelling events, caused by Ekman’s transport and by continental winds, as well as the possible fertilization effect produced by the increasing of the concentration of inorganic nutrients in coastal waters of Gaira’s inlet, Magdalena department, during the minor dry season of 2006, atmospheric, oceanographic, and biological variables were measured by the implementation of the Eurelian method. A total of four samplings were carried out, among which two presented atmospheric and oceanic conditions that evidence the occurrence of upwelling events 48 hours before in response to strong winds coming from northeast (trade winds) and from the continent, whereas the other two samplings presented similar characteristics to those typical of rainy seasons. During this study, wind velocity and direction presented expected values during upwelling events caused by Ekman’s transport and by continental winds (> 4.5 m/s, 26 º y 120 º, respectively), generating enough stress levels in the sea surface layer that could move it offshore (1.2 dynes/cm2). During the days following the upwelling events, anomalies in water physical and chemical characteristics were observed, presenting low temperatures (26.1 ± 1.1 ºC ), high salinity (36.0 ± 0.5) and, as a consequence, high densities (σt 26.31 ± 0.50), as well as low dissolved oxygen levels (4.04 ± 0.29 mL/L) and predominant subsaturation (84.3 ± 6.1 %). Inorganic nutrient concentration showed a relatively homogeneous behavior, keeping low nitrite (0.35 ± 0.02 μM) and phosphate (0.30 ± 0.01 μM) levels during all samplings, whereas the mean ammonium concentration was relatively high (1.08 ± 0.11 μM). In contrast, nitrate levels were high during all samplings, with higher values corresponding to upwelling events (9.48 ± 0.49 μM), although variation was not statistically significative. Phytoplanktonic biomass showed a moderate response to fertilization with chlorophyll a concentrations close to 0.54 ± 0.50 mg/m3, which are lower to the obtained in samplings executed after continental fluvial influence. Nevertheless, such behavior is more evident examining chlorophyll a-phaeopigment a quotient, in which values are predominantly higher than 1, indicating the presence of young and photosynthetically active communities in upwelled waters after 48 h. In general, atmospheric, oceanographic, and phytoplanktonic biomass information suggests a moderate increase in the fertilization of Gaira’s inlet coastal waters, caused by the deep waters upwelling, which belong to the Submerged Subtropical Water (SSW), allowing to classify this local upwelling event as mesotrophic instead of oligotrophic, as traditionally accepted.
This article presents the creation of bathymetric cartography for San Andrés, Providencia, Santa Catalina, and the Colombian Caribbean to find suitable areas for implementing an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system. The methodology to obtain the bathymetry uses data collection, digitization, and interpolation. The data are processed using the Surfer® software; in this way, the digital terrain model (DTM) maps are generated for each sector. The objective is to find the minimum distance to reach a depth of 1000 m since this is the distance where a temperature difference of 20 ∘C is obtained. Thus, it is possible to identify suitable areas to locate an onshore or offshore plant in Santa Marta, Barranquilla, southwestern and northwestern San Andrés, the western part of Santa Catalina, and the southwestern part of Providencia.
Abstract.-The relationship between climatic periods and intensity of 2 upwelling cores located in the Colombian Caribbean from the time analysis of climatic indicators and sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1990-2009 were analyzed. Four climatic seasons are described for this region with differences and similarities between points located in front of the Guajira Peninsula and Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT). Spectral analysis of the Ekman transport and differences of SST with the furthest points of the coast estimates, as indicators of the wind stress and the magnitude of the upwelling along the studied period, allow establishing a direct correspondence between the season and the upwelling regime. In the case of surface water off the Guajira Peninsula, there are some oscillations periods that not correspond with wind regime in the area. These oscillations could be influenced by the behavior of the Caribbean Current and/or upwelling cores off Venezuela and/or Trinidad and Tobago. According to the spectral and descriptive analysis applied to ERA Interim data, these reflect well the behavior of the climate in the area, despite their low temporal and spatial resolution.Key words: Precipitation, zonal and meridional wind, Ekman transport, spectral analysis, sea surface temperatureResumen.-Se analizó la relación entre las épocas climáticas y la intensidad de 2 centros de surgencia localizados en el Caribe colombiano a partir del análisis temporal de indicadores climáticos y la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM), para el período 1990-2009. Se describen 4 épocas climáticas en la región con diferencias y similitudes entre puntos localizados frente a la Península de la Guajira y en cercanías del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT). El análisis espectral de las estimaciones de transporte de Ekman y diferencias de TSM, con los puntos más alejados de la costa, como indicadores del esfuerzo del viento y la magnitud de los afloramientos a lo largo del período estudiado, indica una correspondencia directa entre la época climática y el régimen de surgencia. En el caso de las aguas superficiales frente a la Península de la Guajira, se encuentran períodos de oscilación en la TSM distintos al régimen de vientos en la zona. Estas oscilaciones podrían estar influenciadas por el comportamiento de la corriente del Caribe y/o focos de surgencia frente a Venezuela y/o Trinidad y Tobago. De acuerdo al análisis espectral y descriptivo realizado a los datos de ERA Interim, estos reflejan bien el comportamiento del clima en la zona, a pesar de su baja resolución temporal y espacial.Palabras clave: Precipitación, componentes zonal y meridional del viento, transporte de Ekman, temperatura superficial del mar, análisis espectral
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