This paper addresses the problem of automated detection of Z-calls emitted by Antarctic blue whales (B. m. intermedia). The proposed solution is based on a subspace detector of sigmoidal-frequency signals with unknown time-varying amplitude. This detection strategy takes into account frequency variations of blue whale calls as well as the presence of other transient sounds that can interfere with Z-calls (such as airguns or other whale calls). The proposed method has been tested on more than 105 h of acoustic data containing about 2200 Z-calls (as found by an experienced human operator). This method is shown to have a correct-detection rate of up to more than 15% better than the extensible bioacoustic tool package, a spectrogram-based correlation detector commonly used to study blue whales. Because the proposed method relies on subspace detection, it does not suffer from some drawbacks of correlation-based detectors. In particular, it does not require the choice of an a priori fixed and subjective template. The analytic expression of the detection performance is also derived, which provides crucial information for higher level analyses such as animal density estimation from acoustic data. Finally, the detection threshold automatically adapts to the soundscape in order not to violate a user-specified false alarm rate.
A real demand for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications exists in oceanography, ocean exploration and undersea navigation. A new Doppler resilient digital communication, based on quadratic frequency modulations (QFM) is presented. The binary information is transmitted using two orthogonal QFM chirps. This signal modulation is suitable for low-data-rate communication such as telemetry. The first motivation of this paper resides in the performance of the noncoherent detector for binary QFM signal detection. It is shown that for some spreading factors, the detection of QFM signal waveform gives better performance than a linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal waveform in terms of bit error rate. The second motivation is that the non-coherent receiver is more Doppler resilient for QFM waveforms than LFM. An analytical demonstration is given, which predicts the simulated results. Real underwater commutations were accomplished on the Atlantic Ocean on February 2015.
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