OBJECTIVEThis study sought to analyze the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of the Chilean version of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS-Ch) in a sample of dementia patients and control subjects.METHODSAfter adapting the instrument to the Chilean context and obtaining content validity evidence through expert consultation, the IFS-Ch was administered to 31 dementia patients and 30 control subjects together with other executive assessments (Frontal Assessment Battery [FAB], Modified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test [MCST], phonemic verbal fluencies [letters A and P] and semantic verbal fluency [animals]) and global cognitive efficiency tests (Mini mental State Examination [MMSE] and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised [ACE-R]). Caregivers of dementia patients and proxies of control subjects were interviewed with instruments measuring dysexecutive symptoms (Dysexecutive Questionnaire [DEX]), dementia severity (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale [CDR]) and functional status in activities of daily living (Activities of Daily Living Scale [IADL] and Technology-Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire [T-ADLQ]). Convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, cut-off points, sensitivity and specificity for the IFS-Ch were estimated.RESULTSEvidence of content validity was obtained. Evidence of convergent validity was also found showing significant correlations (p<0.05) between the IFS-Ch and the other instruments measuring: executive functions (FAB, r=0.935; categories achieved in the MCST, r=0.791; perseverative errors in the MCST, r= -0.617; animal verbal fluency, r=0.728; "A" verbal fluency, r=0.681; and "P" verbal fluency, r=0.783), dysexecutive symptoms in daily living (DEX, r= -0.494), dementia severity (CDR, r= -0.75) and functional status in activities of daily living (T-ADLQ, r= -0.745; IADL, r=0.717). Regarding reliability, a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.905 was obtained. For diagnostic accuracy, a cut-off point of 18 points (sensitivity=0.903; specificity=0.867) and an area under curve of 0.951 were estimated to distinguish between patients with dementia and control subjects.DISCUSSIONThe IFS-Ch showed acceptable psychometric properties, supported by evidence of validity and reliability for its use in the measurement of executive functions in patients with dementia. The diagnostic accuracy of the IFS-Ch for detecting dementia patients was also considered acceptable.
El presente estudio es un análisis de la base de datos del Departamento de Evaluación, Medición y Registro Educacional (DEMRE) de la Universidad de Chile, correspondiente al proceso de postulación –año 2005– a las universidades del Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas (CRUCH). Su finalidad es describir a los postulantes, según diversas características educacionales (rama del establecimiento educacional de egreso y su dependencia administrativa, puntaje obtenido en la Prueba de Selección Universitaria, (PSU) y sociodemográficas (sexo, región de origen, nivel educacional, ocupación de los padres e ingreso familiar autorreportado).
Resumen En el presente estudio se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas de la versión para padres del Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) en una muestra de 798 figuras parentales de niños y niñas de 4 a 11 años, de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. El SDQ (Goodman, 1994) es un cuestionario compuesto por 25 ítems que evalúa dificultades emocionales y conductuales en niños y adolescentes. Los resultados muestran adecuados niveles de fiabilidad para la escala total, aunque un nivel insatisfactorio para las subescalas. En relación a las evidencias de validez de estructura, ninguna de las soluciones contrastadas responde satisfactoriamente al modelo formulado originalmente por Goodman ni a las propuestas posteriores. Adicionalmente se exploraron diferencias en función de las variables de estratificación, observándose que varones en edad escolar, matriculados en establecimientos municipales y que reciben atención por un profesional de la salud mental, presentan mayores dificultades psicológicas.
ResumenUno de los principales problemas de la educación terciaria es la alta tasa de deserción universitaria. Los antecedentes dan cuenta que para permanecer y tener éxito en la universidad se necesitan habilidades transversales que el estudiante debió desarrollar antes y que hemos denominado preparatividad académica. El objetivo del estudio fue construir un instrumento de medición que permita identificar y medir los factores que subyacen a la preparatividad académica. Los participantes fueron 603 estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria y terciaria. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para identificar y comprobar la estructura factorial de la escala desarrollada, la cual quedó conformada por 67 ítems agrupados en 7 factores que explican el 59,6% de la varianza. La disponibilidad de la propuesta, denominada Escala de Preparatividad Académica para la Educación Superior (EPAES), permitirá la medición oportuna de la preparatividad y la aplicación oportuna de acciones remediales. Esto contribuirá a aumentar la retención de los estudiantes y así disminuir las actuales tasas de deserción universitaria. Palabras clave: preparatividad académica; retención; deserción universitaria; instrumento de medición Development and Validation of an Academic Preparedness Scale for Chilean Higher Education AbstractOne of the major problems in tertiary education comes from its high students' dropout rates. The literature on this matter indicates that to stay and succeed in college, students must have developed, prior to enrolling, a set of transversal abilities, which we have named 'academic preparedness'. The aim of the study was to construct a measuring instrument that would help identifying and measuring the specific array of factors that affect academic preparedness. Participants were 603 volunteer students from secondary and tertiary education. After performing the necessary exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the definitive scale resulted in 67 items, grouped in 7 factors that explained 59.6% of variance. The availability of the Academic Preparedness Scale for Higher Education (EPAES) will allow the timely assessment of preparedness and the implementation of opportune remedial actions. This will contribute to retain students and therefore, to reduce the current university dropout rates.
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