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The sitting position is very common in everyday life and therefore any garment should be comfortable in that positon. It is especially important for those who are disabled and are confined to a sitting position throughout life. These include paraplegics whose restricted movements are due to paralysis of the lower limbs and restrict them to a wheelchair. Garments for a sitting position should meet certain particular needs like the body dimensions and postures of each individual. Design considerations should provide ergonomic comfort in a sitting position and include functional requirements due to limitations of strength and mobility in such a way that they do not cause additional health problems to paraplegics, e.g. skin irritations, pressure sores, obstruction of the blood flow etc., but rather to improve the quality of life for paraplegics. Today, the development of garments is practically impossible to imagine without the assistance of 3D CAD systems for the virtual prototyping of garments, which usually provide only the 3D body models in a standing position. The aim of this study was to explore the possibilities for the virtual prototyping of garments in regard to the sitting position, using the OptiTex 3D commercial CAD system. For this purpose 3D scans of subjects in sitting position were performed using a general-purpose ATOS II 3D optical scanning system. In addition, processing techniques of the human body mesh modeling and surface reconstruction techniques were involved to obtain a sitting 3D body model. The garments' basic pattern designs for a standing position were constructed according to the rules of the M. Müller&Sohn construction system. Their reconstruction into garments' basic pattern designs for a sitting position were performed by using the virtual measured dimensions of the scanned 3D body model in a sitting position, and virtual prototyping of the garments. Comparisons between the dimensions of the real and the 3D body models were carried out, as well as a comparison between the real sewn and virtually developed garments. The research showed that a reliable sitting 3D body model was achieved by used scanning technology, modeling and reconstruction techniques, as well as the usefulness and effectiveness of the virtual prototyping of the garments for a sitting position. In this study fully mobile individuals were involved to avoid unnecessary burdening of paraplegics in this stage of the research. The experiences gained from this study will enable us to include paraplegics within the study during the scanning and anthropometric survey with the aim of designing a general parametric 3D body model. Its body dimensions and postures would be possible for adapting from able-bodied persons with the purpose of developing individual garments for paraplegics.

In this research, the use of new technologies for the development of special protective overall for sport aircraft pilots was studied, with a focus on a comparative analysis of the static and dynamic body postures’ dimensions, intended for the development of the overall’s pattern design. For this purpose, digitalization of five male persons was carried out with the 3D human body scanner Vitus Smart by using 3D printed markers, precisely positioned on defined body locations, intended for exact measurement of body dimensions. Male persons, aged between 19 and 35 years with the same athletic body type and different body heights and body mass indexes (BMIs), were scanned in a standard static standing body posture and three dynamic body postures. A comparative analysis between the static and dynamic body postures was carried out. Based on the established body dimensions and girth dimensions of the 3D body model with 3D-modeled compression elements, made-to-measure construction of the overall pattern design was carried out. The function of these compression elements is redistribution of the blood from the lower extremities to the upper body parts at the appearance of high g-forces. Therefore, increased girth dimensions due to the use of compression elements were applied in the overall development process as construction measures with needed ease allowances. The functionality of the developed special protective overall was explored on the scanned 3D body model with 3D-modeled compression elements in a real sitting posture of the sport aircraft pilot in a cab by using virtual prototyping. The virtual simulation technology showed that a well-fitted protective overall for sport aircraft pilots can be developed by using a 3D scanned body model of a person in a sitting posture and its 3D body dimensions.

Proiectarea îmbrăcămintei funcționale pentru persoanele cu dizabilități fizice sau cifoză prin utilizarea tehnicilor de simulare pe calculator Obiectivul dublu al acestui studiu este de a documenta provocările actuale ale tehnicilor de scanare 3D și de simulare pe calculator pentru dezvoltarea de articole de îmbrăcăminte funcționale pentru persoanele cu dizabilități fizice sau cifoză posturală. Prima parte a studiului investighează problemele de sănătate ale utilizatorilor de scaune cu rotile și prezintă posibilitățile de dezvoltare a pantalonilor funcționali din perspectiva nevoilor de protecție și de sănătate. Cea de-a doua parte a studiului investighează utilitatea metodologiei nou dezvoltate pentru evaluarea suprafețelor elementare, numită CASP (Curvature, Acceleration, Symmetry, Proportionality), în procesul de proiectare a corsetului bine montat pentru utilizatorii de scaune cu rotile care suferă de afecțiunea cifoză posturală. Relațiile dintre problemele de sănătate, pozițiile corpului uman, cifoza, scanarea 3D, evaluarea CASP și articolele de îmbrăcăminte tratate au fost luate în considerare în procesul de prototipare. Rezultatele obținute în ceea ce privește pantalonii funcționali pentru utilizatorii de scaune cu rotile și corsetul bine montat pentru un corp cu cifoză sunt valoroase și pentru o populație mai largă a celor care sunt forțați să stea în picioare în timpul zilei și care se confruntă cu probleme de sănătate similare, cum ar fi persoanele care suferă de paraplegie sau cele care sunt afectate de cifoză. Cuvinte-cheie: îmbrăcăminte funcțională, dizabilitate fizică, afecțiuni posturale, scanare 3D, metodologie CASP, tehnici de simulare pe calculator Designing the functional garments for people with physical disabilities or kyphosis by using computer simulation techniquesThe two-fold purpose of this study is to document the current challenges of the 3D scanning and computer simulation techniques in developing functional garments for people with physical disabilities or postural disorder kyphosis. The first part of the study investigates the health problems of the wheelchair users and presents the possibilities of developing functional pants from the perspective of protection and health needs. The second part of the study investigates the usefulness of the newly developed methodology for elementary surfaces evaluation, named CASP (Curvature, Acceleration, Symmetry, Proportionality), in the process of designing the well-fitted bodice for wheelchair users suffering from the postural disorder kyphosis. The relationships between the health problems, human body postures, kyphosis, 3D scanning, CASP evaluation and treated garments were considered in the prototyping process. The obtained research results regarding the functional pants for wheelchair users and the well-fitted bodice for a kyphosis body are valuable also for a wider population of those who are forced to a sitting posture during a day and are confronted with similar health problems as paraplegics or are affected by the kyphosis.

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