Violence has been shown lead to a global challenge leading to long lasting social, medical and mental health sequels. In this article we focus on massive social violence affecting groups such as war and civil war. Models developed in Western Europe and North America for understanding trauma related health problems and developing interventions cannot be sufficient to address this global health challenge. Culture is an important aspect of this challenge. Revisions of the APAs Diagnostical and Statistical Manual in DSM V, the discussion of dimensional approaches, new approaches in public mental and community health and closer interdisciplinary collaboration indicate a paradigm shift that reflects the complexity of issues. In displaced populations, the benefit of flight might be unbalanced by further problems due to forced migration. Social suffering and mental health problems related to violence as a global public health problem can only be tackled with a holistic approach that takes cultural, social, legal and economic determinants into account, and might also need a strong focus on human rights. Research that can give a reliable assessment of complex long term outcomes is still largely missing, and can be seen as a major and complex challenge for future research. Key points:• Sequels to violence can, due to their high prevalence and potentially severe long term impact, be seen globally as the potentially largest mental health challenge.• Displacement can add additional challenges for victims and health care systems.• An interdisciplinary approach integrating medical, and psychological but also legal and sociological aspects is required to address understanding, treating and preventing violence.• A stronger focus on subjective, culture based and dimensional factors, as partly reflected in the new DSM V models, needs to be part of any intervention.
Formaldehyde resistance in Escherichia coli strain VU3695 is mediated by a 94 kilobase plasmid. The genes responsible for formaldehyde resistance were identified on a 9.2 kb DNA fragment and cloned in pBR322. By minicell analysis three proteins were shown to be encoded by this fragment.
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