The role of services as an input into manufacturing production — often termed "servicification" of manufacturing — is substantial in both developed and developing economies. The paper lays out conceptual and measurement issues related to services networks and provides evidence based on trade in value added statistics. Compared to goods value chains, services networks appear less fragmented internationally based on trade in value added statistics and survey evidence. However, to better capture the international services fragmentation, advances in statistics by enterprise characteristics and by mode of supply, i.e., taking into account the movement of labor and capital, are required.
This article investigates the impact of the legislative powers of the European Parliament (EP), particularly the co-decision procedure. After explaining the development of the legislative procedures, the article analyses the extent to which the different procedures have been used since their creation. It then considers how growing legislative power has affected the EP's internal development, how far the EP has been able to influence EU legislation, and whether EP involvement in legislation has enhanced or impeded the efficiency of the EU legislative process. The article concludes by considering possible areas for further reform of the EP's role in the EU's legislative system. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2003.
Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Abstract: The trade collapse that followed the recent financial crisis has led to a renewed interest on the measurement issues affecting international merchandise trade statistics in the new globalized economy. The international fragmentation of industrial production blurs the concept of country of origin and calls for the production of new statistics on the domestic content of exports, with a view of estimating trade in value added. Alongside, the international statistical community has revised in 2010 the concepts and definitions on both, international merchandise trade and trade in services statistics. This paper discusses the various issues related to the concepts of "goods for processing" and "intra-firm trade" in trade statistics, and provides an overview of the method of analysing the impact of the fragmentation of production in international value chains. Terms of use: Documents in
This article examines the decisions behind group membership in the European Parliament (EP) using a rational-choice institutionalist framework. Following the goals ascribed to them by Strøm (1990) in other settings, national parties should join the largest group that matches their socioeconomic preferences. Yet, whilst explanations taking national parties as the basic unit of analysis might sometimes suffice, we argue that it is often necessary to consider the influence of individual parliamentarians and existing EP groups. The scope open to these various actors to pursue their interests determines the attractiveness of the various options available to a national party. We illustrate our conceptual framework by reference to the attempt by the British Conservative Party to leave the European People's Party-European Democrats (EPP-ED) group, an effort ending in the formation of an extra-parliamentary federation, the Movement for European Reform.
The upgrading of the European Commission and the European Parliament's role in the EU policy-process from 1999 might have been expected to herald a shift away from the previous security-and control-orientation of asylum policy. No such shift occurred. This paper traces the continuity in EU asylum policy's trajectory to the continuity in its 'policy-image': actors seeking to fashion institutional environments in which they can more effectively pursue their preferences can facilitate institutional change by shifting the 'image' of a policy -in other words, they can highlight new or neglected problems related to that policy, creating broader pressure for these to be dealt with by new actors in new venues. We disaggregate policyimages into two elements: an element justifying an actor's presence and function in policymaking, and an element justifying the pursuit of its substantive preferences. We argue that institutional change laid down in the Treaty of Amsterdam was facilitated by a policy-image that lacked the latter element. The newly empowered actors have subsequently struggled to assert their substantive preferences despite their institutional upgrade. Change and continuity in European asylum policyWith the entry into force of the Amsterdam Treaty (1999), the EU's asylum policy might have been expected to shift away from its previous control-and security-orientation: although still dominated by the national interior ministry actors which had been the driving forces behind a security-centric -or 'securitarian' -policy since the inception of cooperation, the institutional framework introduced by the Treaty formally boosted the power of the European Commission and European Parliament (EP). Yet, any expectations that the upgrading of these actors in the policy-process would lead to policychange have scarcely been met.It is here argued that the failure of institutional change to translate into policy-change can be traced back to the continuity in the 'image' underpinning EU asylum policy (i.e. in the broadly held perceptions of how EU asylum policy should be handled, around which support can be mobilised for political purposes).It is widely recognised that particular institutional set-ups can mould policy-making outcomes by privileging select actors, and thus the matching of certain problems to certain solutions. One body of analysis suggests that actors' behaviour is therefore characterised by efforts to remould institutional arrangements, or seek out institutional configurations favourable to the realisation of their preferences ('venue-shopping').1 According to this body of analysis, actors can facilitate and legitimise institutional alteration, or a full shift of policy-making venues, by successfully changing an issue's policy-image. In other words, they can alter broader perceptions of how a policy area should be dealt with, highlighting new or neglected problems, and instrumentalising the general expectation that these will be treated by new actors in new venues in order to facilitate institutional change.Our ...
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