The initial stage seems to predict outcome. Carbon dioxide laser therapy provides good results primarily in stages I and IIA lymphatic malformations. In advanced lymphatic malformations (stages IIB, III, and IV), an interdisciplinary approach is necessary, because complete surgical excision is often impossible owing to the diffuse growth behavior, and therefore recurrence and persistence are common.
CBCT could evaluate all relevant anatomic structures and answer the questions of different anatomical variants. A modified classification of the pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus could be described. Frequencies of anatomical variations are in accordance with the current literature of CT research.
The objective of this study was to describe end-stage disease in patients suffering from advanced head and neck cancer (hnc). It is one of the most unpleasant and agonizing way a person may die and is a challenging problem for all involved with its treatment. Until today, only few detailed information about the final phase of life of hnc patients in a hospice setting are available. The design of this study was a cohort sample. The course of disease until death was thoroughly analyzed. In addition, hospice staff was interviewed. The study was conducted in a hospice setting (University Hospital). The charts of 16 patients suffering from end-stage hnc were evaluated. The median survival time in the hospice was 19.5 days. There, a more or less rapid deterioration of disease was evident. Several nurses sometimes felt extremely distressed after confrontation with the advanced disease stages. Partially, the situations for the nursing staff were unbearable because of visible, odorous, and fungating tumors or metastasis. The final days were characterized by restlessness followed by somnolence and resulting in an irreversible coma. The goal of palliative treatment of terminal hnc patients is offering the most convenient way to "live" the final days of their lives in dignity. The short survival time in hospice indicates that incurable patients may be referred to terminal care institutions too late in their dying trajectory. Physicians should be encouraged to talk to their terminally ill patients about the status and incurability of the disease as early as possible to facilitate patient and family decision making on how to prepare for the impending end of life.
Careful inspection of the nasopharynx immediately before adenoidectomy and curettage in a piecemeal fashion under visual control is helpful to prevent direct injury to aberrant arteries. Tonsillectomy cases are associated with delayed and episodic bleeding with spontaneous cessation and young age. Inpatient observation should be strongly considered in cases with repeated bleeding episodes to provide immediate treatment. The follow-up should be focused on disturbed wound healing. Outcome appears to be dependent on adequate airway management. Rigid instruments and tracheotomy in case of intubation failure are highly recommended to facilitate airway protection and ventilation.
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