In this paper we present a modular approach for the fabrication of surfaces to characterize protein-protein interactions. The approach is based on azido peptides with an optimized sequence which are then thiol-functionalized using an alkynyl thiol and "click" chemistry. From these peptide thiols we fabricated SAMs on gold to evaluate the protein resistance, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, toward streptavidin, bovin serum albumin (BSA), and fibronectin.
Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) belong to the dynamin superfamily of large GTP binding proteins. A biochemical feature common to these proteins is guanosine-triphosphate (GTP) binding leading to self-assembly of the proteins, and this in turn results in higher catalytic GTP hydrolysis activity. In the case of human guanylate binding protein 1 (hGBP1) homodimer formation is observed after binding of nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs like GppNHp. hGBP1 is one of seven GBP isoforms identified in human. While cellular studies suggest heterocomplex formation of various isoforms biochemical binding studies in quantitative terms are lacking. In this work we established a method to study hGBP1 interactions by attaching this protein in a defined orientation to a surface allowing for interaction with molecules from the solution. Briefly, specifically biotinylated hGBP1 is attached to a streptavidin layer on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surface allowing for characterization of the packing density of the immobilized protein by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. In addition, the enzymatic activity of immobilized hGBP1 and the kinetics of interaction with binding partners in solution are quantified. We present a procedure for attaching an enzyme in a defined orientation to a surface which exposes its active end, the GTPase domain to the solution resulting in a homogeneous population of this enzyme in terms of enzymatic activity and of interaction with soluble proteins.
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