The use of additive manufacturing technology has grown considerably in the last decade. Starting from a futuristic idea, additive manufacturing has shown to be a great tool for rapid prototyping and has found its way into industry as a set of techniques for manufacturing highly customized parts. However, a great number of challenges remain if we are to have efficient and general additive manufacturing systems with high precision, low failure rates, and good strategies for detecting and dealing with part failures. In this paper, the current state-of-the-art on online monitoring and closed-loop control in fused filament fabrication and directed energy deposition with camera and laser scanning is presented. A discussion on the challenges and possible ways of enabling full online part geometry monitoring in AM with articulated manipulators and multi-axis deposition is also provided.Index Terms-Three-dimensional printing, Closed loop systems, computer vision.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a production technique that can create highly customized parts and is therefore ideal for product prototyping and customized orders. An important aspect of 3D printer systems is the ability to accurately and precisely move the extruder along a planned path, ensuring the production of parts with low dimensional error. In this paper, output maneuvering is considered for the purpose of steering the extruder of a Cartesian 3D printer along a desired path. As slicing software provides waypoints with minimal change in angle between the line segments, a novel speed profile adjustment is introduced which prioritizes maintaining the current along-path speed when the angle between line segments is sufficiently low. Through a design example, a nonlinear maneuvering controller consisting of a geometric and a dynamic task is deduced. Positive and negative aspects of applying output maneuvering to additive manufacturing are discussed.
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