Validity and reliability of the self-developed sensor-and expert model-based laparoscopic training system "iSurgeon" were established. Using multiple parameters proved more reliable than single metric parameters. Wrapping of the needle around the thread and needle positioning were identified as difficult key steps for laparoscopic suturing and knot tying. The iSurgeon could generate automated real-time feedback based on expert models which may result in shorter learning curves for laparoscopic tasks. Our next steps will be the implementation and evaluation of full procedural training in an experimental model.
Problem. Only a few attempts have been made thus far to explore the situation of Christian divorced men and women in a scholarly manner. The basic question for this research was to find out what social factors, religious factors, and coping strategies are related to the divorce adjustment of divorced Christians who are members of predominately conservative Protestant denominations and how well these Christians adjust to divorce. Method. The population for this research project was composed of all currently divorced men and women residing in the United States of America who are members of The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod, the Church of the Nazarene, and the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The sample for this study consisted of 360 subjects who were members of one of the three target denominations at the time when the decision to divorce was made. The hypotheses were tested using the following statistical methods: t-test for two independent samples, ANOVA, Pearson r, and Spearman rho. A combination of hierarchical and stepwise multiple regression procedures was employed to develop an integrated view of the relationships between the independent variables and the four measures of adjustment (self-esteem, symptoms of depression, attachment, and anger at loss) based on the adapted model of coping with family stress. Results. Religious variables played a limited hut significant role in explaining the variance in divorce adjustment. Meaning-related variables (meaning, positive reappraisal) entered into the final multiple regression models for self-esteem. symptoms of depression, and attachment. Escape-avoidance and health status played an important role in explaining the variance in divorce adjustment. Conclusions. The majority of this religious sample of 360 divorced men and women evidenced high self-esteem and low attachment. The perceived frequency of depressive symptomatology was higher among the respondents in this study than what Radloff (1977) reported for the general public. The majority of subjects seemed to experience problems in the area of anger at loss. The adapted model of coping with family stress appears to have heuristic value for the study of divorce adjustment among members of conservative Protestant denominations. Specific adjustment problems seem to be related to specific indicators of religious experience. Coping strategies appear to he important in divorce adjustment.
In the current paper the reliability of spring interconnections for the use in automotive applications was investigated. A commercially available connector was used for contacting a piezo-jet printed silver pad on polycarbonate. The structures were tested using vibration tests at three different temperatures (−25°C, 25°C and 85°C) and measured using four-point probe measurement system and white light spectrometry. The obtained results showed the reliability of the printed structure and the contact, despite of the contact resistance change. The reasons of this change and experimental results are discussed in the paper. The investigations described in the paper provide an initial approach to the development of spring interconnections for printed electronics.
Knowledge of thermal interactions with the environment is essential for improving the performance of machine tools. Therefore, it is necessary to detect and quantify the convective heat flows at machine tool surfaces, that occur in the workspace as a result of cutting fluid use or outside the machine due to active air flow. Thin-film sensors made of shape memory alloys with integrated small temperature sensors are suitable for detecting very fine pressure differences and can be used to estimate convective heat transfer. By measuring the pressure differences, the dynamic pressure field at the surface can be determined. Since the pressure field correlates with the flow field, conclusions can be drawn about the flow velocity. This leads to more profound and extended possibilities to match flow fields from CFD simulations with measured data. At the same time, the surface temperature is also recorded by this sensor. Reference measurements of the temperature in the free flow are used to characterize the heat transfer. By knowing the pressures, temperatures and the correlating flow velocity near the wall, the heat transfer coefficient can be determined. Against this background, this paper demonstrates the behavior of shape memory alloys as fluid pressure sensors and addresses the development of such sensors for machine tools. For this purpose, sensor units are to be developed that can be placed as a sensor network (composite of several sensors on one surface) inside and outside the workspace.
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