The human serotonin transporter (hSERT) mediates uptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft and thereby terminates serotonergic signalling. We have previously found by singlemolecule microscopy that SERT forms stable higher-order oligomers of differing stoichiometry at the plasma membrane of living cells. Here, we report that SERT oligomer assembly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane follows a dynamic equilibration process, characterized by rapid exchange of subunits between different oligomers, and by a concentration dependence of the degree of oligomerization. After trafficking to the plasma membrane, however, the SERT stoichiometry is fixed. Stabilization of the oligomeric SERT complexes is mediated by the direct binding to phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP 2 ). The observed spatial decoupling of oligomer formation from the site of oligomer operation provides cells with the ability to define protein quaternary structures independent of protein density at the cell surface.

Background:The serotonin transporter (SERT) terminates synaptic signaling by reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Results: Interaction kinetics and number of subunits are elucidated by single molecule brightness analysis of SERT complexes. Conclusion:The oligomeric state of SERT complexes is stably determined before being integrated into the plasma membrane. Significance: The results reveal the first evidence for kinetic trapping of preformed neurotransmitter transporter oligomers.

Transmembrane proteins are synthesized and folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an interconnected network of flattened sacs or tubes. Up to now, this organelle has eluded a detailed analysis of the dynamics of its constituents, mainly due to the complex three-dimensional morphology within the cellular cytosol, which precluded high-resolution, single-molecule microscopy approaches. Recent evidences, however, pointed out that there are multiple interaction sites between ER and the plasma membrane, rendering total internal reflection microscopy of plasma membrane proximal ER regions feasible. Here we used single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to study the diffusion of the human serotonin transporter at the ER and the plasma membrane. We exploited the single-molecule trajectories to map out the structure of the ER close to the plasma membrane at subdiffractive resolution. Furthermore, our study provides a comparative picture of the diffusional behavior in both environments. Under unperturbed conditions, the majority of proteins showed similar mobility in the two compartments; at the ER, however, we found an additional 15% fraction of molecules moving with 25-fold faster mobility. Upon degradation of the actin skeleton, the diffusional behavior in the plasma membrane was strongly influenced, whereas it remained unchanged in the ER.

Many RFPs are prone to form artificial puncta when labeling proteins in secretory pathway, which may severely impede their further uses in living cell 322a Monday,

No abstract

Serotonin plays an important role as neurotransmitter in the brain in a number of circuits which can also be linked to reward and cognition. The transporters for these neurotransmitters are located in presynaptic specializations; they inactivate serotonin‐mediated neurotransmisison following exocytotic release by a simple reuptake mechanism. Recent crystallographic examination of bacterial homologs to the mammalian neurotransmitter transporters provides a structural scaffold which supports transport by an alternative access mechanism. Serotonin transporters are the clinically relevant target of antidepressant drugs; they inhibit the reuptake of monoamines by competitively blocking the transporters. Thereby, these compounds enhance the extracellular concentration of serotonin which is relevant for clinical success. Serotonin transporters also provide a route for non‐exocytotic neurotransmitter release (efflux) triggered by amphetamines. Recent advancement in the understanding of the structural and molecular mechanisms of amphetamine‐induced efflux via serotonin transporters will be discussed. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the activity of the recently introduced “bath salts”, a class of amphetamine‐like compounds, will be highlighted.

destabilizing point mutations. Therefore, we overexpressed the GlpF variants in E.coli, purified them and reconstituted them into large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) or giant (GUV) unilamellar vesicles. Subsequently, we osmotically deflated the vesicles. Our new adaptation of the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye equation served to calculate the water efflux from proteoliposomes (PL) based on the accompanying increase in scattered light intensity (Horner et al., 2015). We adopted the micropipette aspiration technique to quantify water efflux from GUVs. Reconstituted GUVs allowed direct determination of GlpF membrane concentration by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In order to obtain the channel abundance in LUVs, we exploited fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to count the number of particles before and after detergent-mediated vesicle solubilization (Knyazev et al., 2013). Depending on the total GlpF concentration, we found functional GlpF monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers. Spreading the vesicles on mica enabled us to acquire high-speed AFM imaging of the different oligomeric states. Destabilization of the tetrameric assembly was accompanied by looser packing and changes in unitary permeability. The observation suggests that tetramerization serves to control the functional state of each monomer. 1. Horner et al. (2015). The mobility of single-file water molecules is governed by the number of H-bonds they may form with channel-lining residues. Science