The global significance of carbon storage in Indonesia's coastal wetlands was assessed based on published and unpublished measurements of the organic carbon content of living seagrass and mangrove biomass and soil pools. For seagrasses, median above-and below-ground biomass was 0.29 and 1.13 Mg C ha -1 respectively; the median soil pool was 118.1 Mg C ha -1 . Combining plant biomass and soil, median carbon storage in an Indonesian seagrass meadow is 119.5 Mg C ha -1 . Extrapolated to the estimated total seagrass area of 30,000 km 2 , the national storage value is 368.5 Tg C. For mangroves, median above-and below-ground biomass was 159.1 and 16.7 Mg C ha -1 , respectively; the median soil pool was 774.7 Mg C ha -1 . The median carbon storage in an Indonesian mangrove forest is 950.5 Mg C ha -1 . Extrapolated to the total estimated mangrove area of 31,894 km 2 , the national storage value is 3.0 Pg C, a likely underestimate if these habitats sequester carbon at soil depths [1 m and/or sequester inorganic carbon. Together, Indonesia's seagrasses and mangroves conservatively account for 3.4 Pg C, roughly 17 % of the world's blue carbon reservoir. Continued degradation and destruction of these wetlands has important consequences for CO 2 emissions and dissolved carbon exchange with adjacent coastal waters. We estimate that roughly 29,040 Gg CO 2 (eq.) is returned annually to the atmosphere-ocean pool. This amount is equivalent to about 3.2 % of Indonesia's annual emissions associated with forest and peat land conversion. These results highlight the urgent need for blue carbon and REDD? projects as a means to stem the decline in wetland area and to mitigate the release of a significant fraction of the world's coastal carbon stores.
In Indonesia, land use change (LUC) in the form of peatland degradation induces carbon loss through direct CO2 emissions, but also via soil leaching of which circa 50% is decomposed and emitted as CO2 from the rivers. However, the fate of the remaining exported leached carbon is uncertain. Here, we show that the majority of this carbon is respired in the estuaries and emitted to the atmosphere. However, a portion is adsorbed into the marine carbon pool where it favors CaCO3 dissolution and can therefore be seen as the invisible carbon footprint. We conclude that the effects of LUC stretch beyond the terrestrial realm and are not limited to CO2 emissions, but also affect marine ecosystems. Considering the ecological and economical importance of these ecosystems, it is important that this so far invisible carbon footprint, as well as the aquatic and marine CO2 emissions, are included in climate mitigation strategies.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang nilai penting, simpanan karbon vegetasi dan estimasi nilai ekonomi simpanan karbon mangrove di Kecamatan Kema, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Sulawesi Utara. Pengambilan data dilakukan di tujuh stasiun dengan menggunakan metode transek kuadrat 100 m2 yang diletakkan secara vertikal terhadap garis pantai. Identifikasi spesies mangrove berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologi akar, daun, buah dan bunga. Pengukuran DBH untuk mengetahui biomassa dan simpanan karbon sedangkan estimasi nilai ekonomi simpanan karbon menggunakan pendekatan harga dari pasar bebas dan pasar wajib Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Sebanyak delapan species teridentifikasi yaitu Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata dan Sonneratia alba. Spesies R. mucronata teridentifikasi di semua stasiun. Hasil analisa struktur komunitas terlihat bahwa spesies R. mucronata dan S. alba memiliki tingkat kerapatan relatif spesies yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan spesies yang lain. Penutupan relatif spesies (Rci) menunjukkan bahwa S. alba mendominasi spesies yang lain sebesar 62% dan R. mucronata sebesar 26,34%. Analisa INP menunjukkan S. alba dan R. mucronata memiliki peran yang penting dalam keberlangsungan ekosistem ini. Nilai rata-rata simpanan karbon di kawasan Kema sebesar 133,76±25,70 MgCha-1. Nilai rerata estimasi ekonomi simpanan karbon yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar Rp. 6.955.123.566 (pasar bebas) atau US$ 519.310,56 dan Rp. 18.176.056.252 (CDM) atau US$ 1.357.131,6 untuk simpanan rerata karbon sebesar 23.397±4.495 MgC (85.865,72±16.496,15 Mg CO2e) pada luasan mangrove sebesar 174,92 ha. Nilai ekologis dan ekonomis yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini, dapat dijadikan sebagai informasi awal perumusan kebijakan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove yang lestari dan berkelanjutan.
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