Whilst the benefits of agroforestry are widely recognised in tropical latitudes few studies have assessed how agroforestry is perceived in temperate latitudes. This study evaluates how stakeholders and key actors including farmers, landowners, agricultural advisors, researchers and environmentalists perceive the implementation and expansion of agroforestry in Europe. Meetings were held with 30 S. García de Jalón (&) Á P. J. Burgess Á A. Graves

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The use of shelterbelts as windbreaks to protect and increase field productivity has a long history in Hungary. Nevertheless, when shelterbelts began to wane, many environmental problems such as soil drying, deflation, and erosion began to occur, which in turn led to economic difficulties. Earlier field experience supported by new results indicates that shelterbelts are beneficial for intensively-treated fields, this despite the space shelterbelts require. Our research study aims to summarize the information available in Hungarian and international literature regarding the most effective shelterbelt structure. In addition, the study supports the design of multipurpose tree plantations with recommendations to mitigate climate change impacts and minimize the negative effects of intensive agricultural technology. In this article we would like to draw attention to the fact that shelterbelts can serve as effective tools in agroforestry and can be regarded as a means of ensuring economically and environmentally sustainable methods for agriculture. Below, we summarize how shelterbelts can help with adaptation to coming global and local challenges; we also describe why and how shelterbelts can be renewed and implemented in a reasonable way.

Empirical evidence of Taungya agroforestry program in Sudan was generated. The objectives were to examine the association between socio-economic characteristics of farmers and Tuangya practice, assess the program’s contribution to farmers' income, and highlight farmers’ major incentives and constraints. The purposive sampling technique was applied targeting 200 Taungya farmers. Data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, direct field observations, and document reviews. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and a paired sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Study results showed that 77% of farmers were male, with an average age of 41 years. About 77% of farmers cultivate an average land area of 3.5 hectares. The chi-square result showed that socio-economic characteristics such as marital status, age, family size, year of participation, and educational level had a significant association with Taungya practice, while gender, main occupation, and land size had no significant association. The study revealed that Taungya agroforestry program contributed significantly to farmers’ income. Evidence of that was the sharp reduction in mean annual costs from SDG 32,851.75 to SDG 25,107.50, and a substantial increase in the mean annual net incomes of the farmers from SDG 35,298.52 to SDG 91,839.50 before and after participation, respectively. Farmers’ participation was encouraged by the high productivity within the forest and access to free fertile land. Contrary, lack of extension services and supervision from Forest National Corporation, overgrazing and crop destruction, land size limitation, and crop species restrictions were identified as major challenges. The study suggests that prioritizing extension services, providing live fencing, and reconsidering farmers’ interest in having intercropping sorghum on their farms to improve their sustenance will overcome the constraints and further boost farmers' productivity.