Characterization of Salmonella Heidelberg strains isolated in ChileBackground: Salmonella Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) causes gastroenteritis and sometimes bacteremia and endocarditis. In other countries, this serovar has multidrug resistance including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC), associated with the bla CMY-2 gene. In Chile, an outbreak by S. Heidelberg occurred in 2011, the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Chilean strains are unknown. Aim: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility, presence of plasmids and virulence factor genes in S. Heidelberg strains isolated in Chile over the period and Methods: In sixty-one S. Heidelberg clinical and environmental strains collected by the Public Health Institute in Chile during 2006-2011, antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmids and virulence factor genes (invA, sifA, pefA, agfA, lpfA and, stkD) were studied. Results: S. Heidelberg had a high susceptibility to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin. However, 52% had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and 33% resistance to tetracycline. ESBLs were detected in three strains isolated from blood cultures, environment and human feces. The latter strain was positive for AmpC and bla CMY-2 gene. Fifty three of 61 strains showed one to seven plasmids of 0.8 to approximately 30 kb. Most plasmids were small with sizes between 0.8 and 2 kb. All isolates were positive for all genes except pefA. Conclusions: S. Heidelberg isolated from Chilean samples was susceptible to first-line antimicrobials, except tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The emergence of strains with ESBLs and AmpC should be a warning. The strains were homogeneous for virulence genes, but heterogeneous in their plasmids.
A recently published article sought to determine the extent to which behaviorism and humanism can be reconciled ( Shyman, 2016 ). However, the "current" conceptions of behaviorism and applied behavior analysis (ABA) used for the analysis were based on mischaracterizations, rendering moot many of the points made. Nevertheless, Shyman (2016) highlighted a very important question we believe all helping professionals should attend to: Should normalization be the focus of therapeutic goals? This response article was written to provide readers of this journal an accurate representation of behaviorism and ABA. We have also offered an alternative approach to answering the question of normalization that uses a behavior-by-behavior approach and individual client values as the deciding factors.
Interdisciplinary dialogue can help progress and improve professional fields. Progress and improvement may be impeded by barriers within an interdisciplinary dialogue, two of which are false dichotomies and faulty generalizations. It is our opinion that this particular interdisciplinary dialogue will advance productively by avoiding: false dichotomies about the medical model and Disability Studies in Education (DSE) framework; false dichotomies about using a normality approach to establish goals; and faulty generalizations about practitioners within and outside the field in which we are trained. Most helping professionals care passionately about improving the quality of lives of the people with whom they work. Centering interdisciplinary conversations on this shared value can help avoid false dichotomies and faulty generalizations.
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