Prior research has shown the relationship between objective economic inequality and searching for positional goods. It also investigated the relationship between social class and low income with conspicuous consumption. However, the causal relationship between economic inequality (the difference in wealth between individuals and groups living in a shared context and consumer behavior) has been less explored. Furthermore, there are also few studies looking for the psychological mechanisms that underlie these effects. The current research’s main goal is to analyze the consequences of perceived economic inequality (PEI) on conspicuous and status consumption and the possible psychological mechanisms that could explain its effects. Furthermore, the current research aims to examine whether there is a causal relationship between PEI and materialism preferences and attitudes toward indebtedness. This work includes two preregister experimental studies. In the Study 1 (n = 252), we manipulated PEI and its legitimacy through a 2 (high vs. low inequality) × 2 (Illegitimate vs. legitimate) between-participants experiment. Results showed a main effect of PEI on status consumption, status seeking, status anxiety, materialism, and attitude toward indebtedness. No interaction effect between legitimacy and inequality was found. In the Study 2 (n = 301), we manipulated the PEI through the Bimboola Paradigm. We replicated the effect of PEI on status consumption, status seeking, and materialism and found that status seeking mediated the relationship between PEI and status and conspicuous consumption. Economic inequality affects consumer behavior and favors consumption preferences for products that provide desirable symbolic values associated with status. These results could have important implications in the interpersonal and intergroup processes, including those related to consumption and purchase.
This study presents the adaptation and evidence of validity of the Spanish version of the Status Anxiety Scale. This measure evaluates people's tendency to be concerned with their socioeconomic status. In two correlational studies, one exploratory (N = 270) and one confirmatory (N = 258), the instrument showed good reliability, in addition to a one-factor structure and a positive correlation with relative deprivation, tendency towards social comparison and perception of inequality. Furthermore, a third experimental study (N = 140) found that the participants in the condition of low socioeconomic status experienced greater status anxiety. In short, these studies suggest that the Spanish version of the Status Anxiety Scale can be used in the Spanish population.
r e s u M e n Esta investigación tiene por objeto identificar las representaciones y estereotipos de género utilizados en los comerciales transmitidos por televisión, así como las posibles relaciones entre estos, las categorías de producto, los roles, el género y el nivel de sexismo de los comerciales. Se diseñó un instrumento basado en la Escala de Sexismo en Publicidad de Pingree, Parker, Butler y Paisley (1976), incorporando además las categorías de análisis de McArthur y Resko (1975), el cual se aplicó en una muestra de 80 comerciales. Los resultados evidencian diferencias en el trato del género dentro de los comerciales, apareciendo más figuras femeninas en escenarios privados (hogar) y masculinas en escenarios públicos. En cuanto al nivel de sexismo, el 48% evidenció alto nivel de sexismo, utilizando estereotipos de mujer sexi y ama de casa, con representaciones femeninas de objeto decorativo o en roles de dependencia. Palabras clave Roles de género; sexismo en publicidad, comerciales de televisión; roles de género; estereotipos; psicología del consumidor; psicología social Palabras clave descriptores roles de genero; psicología del consumidor; comerciales de tv; sexismo; estereotipos A b s t r A C t This research aims to identify the representations and stereotypes that are used in commercial broadcast on television, as well as the possible relationships among these product categories, roles, gender and the level of sexism in commercials. The data-gathering instrument was designed based on the Scale of Sexism in Advertising from Pingree, Parker, Butler and Paisley (1976), which also incorporated the analysis categories defined by McArthur and Resko (1975). This tool was applied in a sample of 80 commercials. The results show differences in the treatment of gender within commercials. Thus, female figures appear in the commercials, which occur in private settings (home), while in the public settings are mostly male figures. Regarding the level of sexism, half of the commercials showed high level of sexism. The most stereotypes are sexy woman and housewife, with representations of women like sex object or in dependency roles.
De acuerdo a la teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente (Glick y Fiske, 1996) existen estereotipos diferenciados de mujeres hacia los que los hombres manifiestan distintas actitudes. Entre los subtipos de mujeres destacan el ama de casa, la mujer sexy y la profesional. Mediante un estudio con 100 participantes se investigó la relación entre estos tres tipos de mujeres, su nivel de influencia y prestigio, y la preferencia por un producto (descrito en términos estereotípicamente masculinos y femeninos). Los resultados mostraron que la Mujer Sexy es más asociada a la Descripción Masculina, mientras que la Mujer Profesional lo es a la Descripción Femenina; el Ama de Casa es la menos asociada a las dos descripciones del producto. Se encontró también que la influencia y el prestigio median la relación entre los tres tipos de mujeres y la preferencia atribuida de cada una de ellas por el producto descrito en términos femeninos
Facilitadores Judiciales is a programme run by the Organization of the American States and the Nicaraguan judiciary. In 2010, facilitators were recruited and trained in many but not all urban municipalities. This presented an opportunity for a natural experiment to assess the impact of the programme. In our theoretical framework the impact is related to improved access to justice which is one of the prerequisites for peace and development. Before and after quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted in intervention and control areas. The quantitative results show confirmation of some of the hypothesized effects of the programme. Other effects are indicated by the numerous in-depth interviews but are not substantiated by hard data. In the communities where facilitators were introduced the people report fewer legal problems. The facilitators are decreasing the costs of justice. Achieving amicable solutions and promotion of peace and social cohesion is another example of the programme's impact.
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