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In spite of the recent increase in dual citizenship, there are widespread fears that this double status undermines loyalty towards the state, understood as identification with and political participation in the country of residence. We analyze whether there are systematic differences between dual citizens, mono citizens, and foreign residents in this respect, based on data from a 2013 survey of dual citizens in Switzerland with very different migration backgrounds. The results reveal that controlling for migration-related and socio-demographic factors, dual citizens are more loyal in many respects than foreign residents, but there are no significant differences between dual citizens and mono citizens in their level of identification with Switzerland and political participation there. They are even more likely than mono citizens to participate in serving its interests. In addition, there is no trade-off between these forms of loyalty to the country of residence and identification and political participation in the country of descent. On the contrary, they are positively related. Transnational loyalties seem to co-exist or even to be mutually reinforcing. Thus, dual citizenship does not seem to diminish loyalty to the country of residence and countries therefore do not stand to lose anything by allowing it.

In an age of transnational flows and interdependencies, democratic citizenship cannot be conceptualized anymore exclusively within national boundaries. This paper presents a conceptual map that allows tracing emerging and proposed forms of citizenship within and beyond the nation state in a comprehensive and differentiated way. We disentangle two anchor points: membership in a political community as the fundament of citizenship and the arena of political decision-making as the focal point of citizenship rights, identities and practices. For the former we differentiate between a single national community, the universal community of humankind and multiple (national) communities. For the latter we distinguish the national, supra-national and transnational arena. Our typology thus consists of nine different forms of democratic citizenship. It is used to provide a brief overview over normative proposals and empirical findings leading to the following insights: while membership in a particular national community still dominates the reality in all three political arenas, in the normative discourse it is perceived as deficient. Membership in the universal community of humankind is widely endorsed in the normative discourse, but almost inexistent. In contrast, membership in multiple communities is not only a growing reality but also normatively promising for democratizing a transnationalizing world.

Soutien à l’Union européenne en Europe centrale et orientale avant et après l’adhésion: une comparaison des différentes raisons Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser les différentes attitudes de soutien envers l’Union européenne au sein de huit États membres de l’Europe centrale et orientale avant et après leurs adhésions. Pour ce faire, l’étude se focalise sur trois types de facteurs explicatifs: les raisons instrumentales, les adhésions normatives et l’expression des sentiments. Dès lors, à partir d’une série d’analyse de régressions multiples, utilisant les données Eurobaromètres de 2003 à 2006, nous montrons dans quelle mesure les raisons instrumentales de soutien tendent à diminuer en tant que facteur explicatif après l’adhésion tandis que le poids explicatif des considérations normatives et expressives reste stable. Nous concluons ainsi à la nécessité de ne pas sous-estimer la place des normes et des sentiments dans la compréhension des attitudes de soutien vis-à-vis de l’Union européenne.

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