The interconnection of devices, driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), enables a broad variety of smart applications and location-based services. The latter is often realized via transponder based approaches, which actively determine device positions within Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In addition, interpreting wireless signal measurements also enables the utilization of radar-like passive localization of objects, further enhancing the capabilities of WSN ranging from environmental mapping to multipath detection. For these approaches, the target objects are not required to hold any device nor to actively participate in the localization process. Instead, the signal delays caused by reflections at objects within the propagation environment are used to localize the object. In this work, we used Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) sensors to measure Channel Impulse Responses (CIRs) within a WSN. Determining an object position based on the CIR can be achieved by formulating an elliptical model. Based on this relation, we propose a CIR environmental mapping (CIR-EM) method, which represents a heatmap generation of the propagation environment based on the CIRs taken from radio communication signals. Along with providing imaging capabilities, this method also allows a more robust localization when compared to state-of-the-art methods. This paper provides a proof-of-concept of passive localization solely based on evaluating radio communication signals by conducting measurement campaigns in an anechoic chamber as a best-case environment. Furthermore, shortcomings due to physical layer limitations when using non-dedicated hardware and signals are investigated. Overall, this work lays a foundation for related research and further evaluation in more application-oriented scenarios.
We in the personal care products industry strive to maintain high safety standards. In furtherance of that goal, we established the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program in 1976 to conduct an open, independent review and assessment of cosmetic ingredient safety test data. The program's process of open scientific deliberations allows critical scrutiny by physicians, scientists, government agencies, and consumer advocates, which is crucial to the program's continued success. CIR reports are made available to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), international agencies, the medical community, the public and the industry. The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association is pleased to announce the publication of the 49th special issue containing one final safety assessment and the 2001/2002 annual review of safety assessments. This issue is the result of the CIR Expert Panel's formal process of reviewing and documenting the extent to which the safety of ingredients used in personal care products is demonstrated, a process that establishes the CIR program as the foundation of the industry's pledge to produce safe products. The FDA has lauded the CIR program, calling it "an important voluntary effort that should provide improved assurance to the public that the safety of cosmetic ingredients [has] been substantiated." The program has been deemed "conscientious self-regulation carried out with integrity," by the United States Department of Commerce. And the American Academy of Dermatology has recognized CIR with its prestigious Gold Triangle Award, stating "This independent program provides an unbiased, expert source of reliable information that is widely communicated to dermatologists, the cosmetics industry, and the public through its publications and web site." This industry is unique because it actively seeks critiques of safety data from the scientific community. This ensures that our reports will continue to meet the test of peer review, demonstrating our continued commitment to product safety. We pay attention to the conclusions presented in these reports and urge the scientific community to do likewise in furthering the advancement of knowledge.
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