Background The last few years have seen renewed interest in use-of-time recalls in epidemiological studies, driven by a focus on the 24-h day [including sleep, sitting, and light physical activity (LPA)] rather than just moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This paper describes four different computerised use-of-time instruments (ACT24, PAR, MARCA and cpar24) and presents population time-use data from a collective sample of 8286 adults from different population studies conducted in Australia/New Zealand, Germany and the United States. Methods The instruments were developed independently but showed a number of similarities: they were self-administered through the web or used computer-assisted telephone interviews; all captured energy expenditure using variants of the Ainsworth Compendium; each had been validated against criterion measures; and they used a domain structure whereby activities were aggregated under categories such as Personal Care and Work. Results Estimates of physical activity level (average daily rate of energy expenditure in METs) ranged from 1.53 to 1.78 in the four studies, strikingly similar to population estimates derived from doubly labelled water. There was broad agreement in the amount of time spent in sleep (7.2–8.6 h), MVPA (1.6–3.1 h), personal care (1.6–2.4 h), and transportation (1.1–1.8 h). There were consistent sex differences, with women spending 28–81% more time on chores, 8–40% more time in LPA, and 3–39% less time in MVPA than men. Conclusions Although there were many similarities between instruments, d ifferences in operationalizing definitions of sedentary behaviour and LPA resulted in substantive differences in the amounts of time reported in sedentary and physically active behaviours. Future research should focus on deriving a core set of basic activities and associated energy expenditure estimates, an agreed classificatory hierarchy for the major behavioural and activity domains, and systems to capture relevant social and environmental contexts.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide, and sedentary behavior is widespread, yet reviews and meta-analyses summarizing the role of sedentary behavior as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer are scarce. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases for relevant articles up to January 2019. We pooled maximally adjusted risk estimates in a random effects model and performed metaregression meta-analysis, assessed heterogeneity and publication bias using I 2 , funnel plots, and Egger and Begg tests, and conducted sensitivity analyses and influence diagnostics. Data from 12 prospective cohort studies including a total of 30,810 prostate cancer cases were analyzed. We found no statistically significant association between high versus low sedentary behavior and prostate cancer incidence [RR ¼ 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99-1.16; P ¼ 0.10]. We noted that adjustment for body mass index (BMI) modified the relation of sedentary behavior to prostate cancer, particularly aggressive cancer. Sedentary behavior was related to a statistically significant increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer in analyses not adjusted for BMI (RR ¼ 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.43), whereas no association was apparent in BMI-adjusted analyses (RR ¼ 0.98; 95% CI, 0.90-1.07), and the difference between those summary risk estimates was statistically significant (P difference ¼ 0.02). Sedentary behavior is not independently associated with prostate cancer. However, prolonged sedentary behavior may be related to increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer through a mechanism involving obesity. This finding represents a potentially important step toward considering sedentary behavior as a modifiable behavioral risk factor for aggressive prostate cancer.

Background: Increased cardiorespiratory fitness is related to decreased risk of major chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, but its association with colorectal cancer specifically has received very little attention. Methods:We examined the relation of cardiorespiratory fitness to colorectal cancer in 59,191 UK Biobank participants aged 39-70 years without prevalent cancer at baseline, followed from 2009 to 2014. Submaximal bicycle ergometry was conducted at study entry, and cardiorespiratory fitness was defined as physical work capacity at 75% of the maximum heart rate, standardised to body mass (PWC 75% ). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to obtain hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: During a mean follow-up of 4.6 years, 232 participants developed colorectal cancer (151 colon cancers; 79 rectal cancers). When comparing the 75 th to the 25 th percentiles of PWC 75% , the multivariable-adjusted HR of colorectal cancer was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.62-0.97). That relation was largely driven by an inverse association with colon cancer (HR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56-0.97) and less so with rectal cancer (HR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.62-1.26; p value for difference by colorectal cancer endpoint=0.056). The inverse relation of cardiorespiratory fitness with colorectal cancer was more evident in men (HR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.94) than women (HR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.71-1.38), although the gender difference was not statistically significant (p value for interaction=0.192). Conclusions:Increased cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer. Potential heterogeneity by colorectal cancer anatomic subsite and gender requires further study.

Health-promoting and sustainable behaviors, such as active transportation and sustainable diets, are associated with positive effects on human health and the environment. In order to unlock the potential of university students as key actors and multipliers, it is of interest to investigate their level of knowledge about the health effects of climate change and their willingness toward and implementation of health-promoting and sustainable behaviors. In November 2021, an online survey was conducted among students at the University of Regensburg, Germany. A total of 3756 participants (response rate 18%; mean age 23 years; 69% women) provided valid data. A large proportion of medical students (48%) considered themselves well-informed about the health-related effects of climate change, while only a small proportion (22%) of students within economic/computer/data sciences and law felt informed. Most participants knew about the impact of climate change on malnutrition (78%), but considerably fewer were aware of its impact on cardiovascular diseases (52%). Participants who considered themselves informed were consistently more willing to engage in climate-friendly behavior, and this willingness was also reflected in their actions, as they simultaneously promoted a healthy lifestyle. Across all academic disciplines, there is a strong need for knowledge transfer regarding topics that combine health and sustainable development.

Messung der körperlichen Fitness in der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie-Methoden, Qualitätssicherung und erste deskriptive Ergebnisse Einleitung Der körperlichen Fitness wird eine besondere Rolle für die Gesundheit des Menschen zugesprochen. Dabei umfasst die gesundheitsbezogene körperliche Fitness im Allgemeinen die Leistungsfähigkeit des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems (Cardiorespiratory Fitness, CRF), die Muskelausdauer, die Muskelkraft, die Körperzusammensetzung sowie die Beweglichkeit [1]. Von diesen Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness haben sich insbesondere die Muskelkraft sowie die CRF als bedeutungsvolle prognostische Indikatoren für die Gesundheit des Menschen erwiesen. Bezogen auf die Muskelkraft konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Handgreifkraft (Grip Strength, GS) ein sehr guter Parameter für die Vorhersage von Gesundheitsrisiken ist [2-4]. So konnte z. B. in der PURE-Studie ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen der GS und der allgemeinen und kardiovaskulären Mortalität gezeigt werden [2]. Eine reduzierte Weitere Informationen zu den Affiliations der Autoren befinden sich auf der letzten Artikelseite.