This study identified relevant content for standardized measures of organizational justice and evaluated the reliability, validity and context sensitivity of measures of procedural, interactional and distributive justice that assess the perceived fairness of organizational change programmes. Two organizations that were undergoing changes that differed in the severity and permanence of employee outcomes participated in the research. After refinement on the basis of test‐retest reliability and factor analysis, the procedural and interactional justice measures demonstrated good reliability and validity, but the equity‐based items that operationalized distributive justice performed poorly. The results offer some support for concerns over possible context‐sensitivity of justice perceptions and emphasize the need for a comprehensive set of standardized measures that can be customized to assess and compare justice perceptions in different organizational contexts. Directions for further research and measurement development are discussed.

Do neurons in primary motor cortex encode the generative details of motor behavior, such as individual muscle activities, or do they encode high-level movement attributes? Resolving this question has proven difficult, in large part because of the sizeable uncertainty inherent in estimating or measuring the joint torques and muscle forces that underlie movements made by biological limbs. We circumvented this difficulty by considering single-neuron responses in an isometric task, where joint torques and muscle forces can be straightforwardly computed from limb geometry. The response for each neuron was modeled as a linear function of a "preferred" joint torque vector, and this model was fit to individual neural responses across variations in limb posture. The resulting goodness of fit suggests that neurons in motor cortex do encode the kinetics of motor behavior and that the neural response properties of "preferred direction" and "gain" are dual components of a unitary response vector.

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) plays a critical role in episodic memory, but the molecular mechanisms governing plasticity in this structure are poorly understood. Diverse studies have demonstrated a role for RSC in acquisition, early consolidation and retrieval similar to the hippocampus (HC), as well as in systems consolidation similar to the anterior cingulate cortex. Here, we asked whether established molecular and structural substrates of memory consolidation in the HC also engage in RSC shortly after learning. We show striking parallels in training induced gene-activation in HC and RSC following contextual conditioning, which is blocked by systemic administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist. Long-term memory is enhanced by retrosplenial and hippocampal knockdown (KD) of the cAMP specific phosphodiesterase Pde4d. However, while training per se induces lasting spine changes in HC, this does not occur in RSC. Instead, increases in the number of mature dendritic spines are found in the RSC only if cAMP signaling is augmented by Pde4d KD, and spine changes are at least partially independent of training. This research highlights parallels and differences in spine plasticity mechanisms between HC and RSC, and provides evidence for a functional dissociation of the two.

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