Autophagy has recently elicited significant attention as a mechanism that either protects or promotes cell death, although different autophagy pathways, and the cellular context in which they occur, remain to be elucidated. We report a thorough cellular and biochemical characterization of a novel selective autophagy that works as a protective cell response. This new selective autophagy is activated in pancreatic acinar cells during pancreatitis-induced vesicular transport alteration to sequester and degrade potentially deleterious activated zymogen granules. We have coined the term "zymophagy" to refer to this process. The autophagy-related protein VMP1, the ubiquitin-protease USP9x, and the ubiquitin-binding protein p62 mediate zymophagy. Moreover, VMP1 interacts with USP9x, indicating that there is a close cooperation between the autophagy pathway and the ubiquitin recognition machinery required for selective autophagosome formation. Zymophagy is activated by experimental pancreatitis in genetically engineered mice and cultured pancreatic acinar cells and by acute pancreatitis in humans. Furthermore, zymophagy has pathophysiological relevance by controlling pancreatitis-induced intracellular zymogen activation and helping to prevent cell death. Together, these data reveal a novel selective form of autophagy mediated by the VMP1-USP9x-p62 pathway, as a cellular protective response.Autophagy is an evolutionarily preserved cellular process that is responsible for the degradation of long lived proteins and entire organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis and to contribute to starvation and stress responses. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes around cargoes, including larger structures such as organelles and protein aggregates. Autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes, where the degradation of the cargoes takes place. Both nonselective "bulk" autophagy and selective autophagy of specific proteins and organelles have been described (1). Genetic analyses in yeast identified more than 30 conserved components that are required for different steps of autophagy (termed Atg1 to Atg32) (2). Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of different types of selective autophagic degradation pathways. Single proteins and cellular structures such as protein aggregates, peroxisomes, ribosomes, and mitochondria can be specifically engulfed by autophagosomes (3), but the mechanism of cargo recognition is not well understood. However, there is emerging evidence suggesting the involvement of ubiquitin in this process. For example, aggregate clearance by autophagy requires ubiquitylation and ubiquitin-binding receptors such as p62 (also known as SQSTM1) (4). Ubiquitylated artificial substrates are recognized by the autophagy machinery and are specifically degraded in lysosomes by a p62-dependent mechanism (5). Moreover, the selective degradation of excess ribosomes during starvation depends on the deubiquitylation activity of Ubp3/Bre5 (6). However, the repertoire of proteins that partic...

The Vacuole Membrane Protein 1 -VMP1- is a pancreatitis-associated transmembrane protein whose expression triggers autophagy in several human diseases. In the current study, we unveil the mechanism through which this protein induces autophagosome formation in mammalian cells. We show that VMP1 autophagy-related function requires its 20-aminoacid C-terminus hydrophilic domain (VMP1-AtgD). This is achieved through its direct binding to the BH3 motif of Beclin 1 leading to the formation of a complex with the Class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) hVps34, a key positive regulator of autophagy, at the site where autophagosomes are generated. This interaction also concomitantly promotes the dissociation of Bcl-2, an autophagy inhibitor, from Beclin 1. Moreover, we show that the VMP1-Beclin 1-hVps34 complex favors the association of Atg16L1 and LC3 with the autophagosomal membranes. Collectively, these findings reveal that VMP1 expression recruits and activates the Class III PI3K complex at the site of autophagosome formation during mammalian autophagy.