Single-photon detectors play a key role in many research fields such as biology, chemistry, medicine, and space technology, and in recent years, single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have become a valid alternative to photo multiplier tubes (PMTs). Moreover, scientific research has recently focused on single-photon detector arrays, pushed by a growing demand for multichannel systems. In this scenario, we developed a compact 32-channel system for time-resolved single-photon counting applications. The system is divided into two independent modules: a photon detection head including a 32 Â 1 SPAD array built in custom technology, featuring high time resolution, high photon detection efficiency (44% at 550 nm), and low dark count rate (mean value G 400 cps at À10 C) at 6-V excess bias voltage and a 32-channel acquisition system able to perform timecorrelated single-photon counting (TCSPC) measurements. The TCSPC module includes eight four-channel time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) arrays, built-in 0.35-m Si-Ge BiCMOS technology, characterized by low differential non-linearity (rms value lower than 0.15% of the time bin width) and variable full-scale range. The system response function of this TCSPC instrumentation achieves a mean time resolution of 63 ps FWHM , considering a mean count rate of 1 Mcps.

Nowadays, an increasing number of applications require high-performance analytical instruments capable to detect the temporal trend of weak and fast light signals with picosecond time resolution. The Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC) technique is currently one of the preferable solutions when such critical optical signals have to be analyzed and it is fully exploited in biomedical and chemical research fields, as well as in security and space applications. Recent progress in the field of single-photon detector arrays is pushing research towards the development of high performance multichannel TCSPC systems, opening the way to modern time-resolved multi-dimensional optical analysis. In this paper we describe a new 8-channel high-performance TCSPC acquisition system, designed to be compact and versatile, to be used in modern TCSPC measurement setups. We designed a novel integrated circuit including a multichannel Time-to-Amplitude Converter with variable full-scale range, a D∕A converter, and a parallel adder stage. The latter is used to adapt each converter output to the input dynamic range of a commercial 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter, while the integrated DAC implements the dithering technique with as small as possible area occupation. The use of this monolithic circuit made the design of a scalable system of very small dimensions (95 × 40 mm) and low power consumption (6 W) possible. Data acquired from the TCSPC measurement are digitally processed and stored inside an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), while a USB transceiver allows real-time transmission of up to eight TCSPC histograms to a remote PC. Eventually, the experimental results demonstrate that the acquisition system performs TCSPC measurements with high conversion rate (up to 5 MHz/channel), extremely low differential nonlinearity (<0.04 peak-to-peak of the time bin width), high time resolution (down to 20 ps Full-Width Half-Maximum), and very low crosstalk between channels.

Modern time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) systems can achieve very high performance, but advanced applications also demand the implementation of multichannel acquisition chains. To fit the specifics of TCSPC applications we developed a complete single-channel measurement system, composed by three main parts: a single-photon detection module, a TCSPC acquisition board and a power management unit. The system is based on a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) and on a fully integrated time-to-amplitude converter (TAC). We designed the module to be very compact, in order to be enclosed in a small case (110 × 50 × 40 mm). The system features high temporal resolution (71 ps), low differential nonlinearity (0.05 LSB), high counting rate (4 MHz) and low power. Moreover a four-channel TAC has already been manufactured and tested; the very low crosstalk between channels, together with low power and low area make the converter suitable for large scale multi-channel acquisition chains, allowing the implementation of architectures for multidimensional TCSPC measurements

Modern Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting applications require to detect spectral and temporal fluorescence data simultaneously and from different areas of the analyzed sample. These rising quests have led the development of multichannel systems able to perform high count rate and high performance analysis. In this work we describe a new 32-channel TCSPC system designed to be used in modern setups. The presented module consists of four independent 8-channel TCSPC boards, each of them including two 4-channel Time-Amplitude Converter arrays. These TAC arrays are built-in 0.35 μm Si-Ge BiCMOS technology and are characterized by low crosstalk, high resolution, high conversion rate and variable full-scale range. The 8-channel TCSPC board implements an 8-channel ADC to sample the TAC outputs, an FPGA to record and organize the measurement results and a USB 2.0 interface to enable real-time data transmission to and from an external PC. Experimental results demonstrate that the acquisition system ensures high performance TCSPC measurements, in particular: high conversion rate (5 MHz), good time resolution (down to 30 psFWHM with the full scale range set to 11 ns) and low differential non-linearity (rms value lower than 0.15% of the time bin width). We design the module to be very compact and, thanks to the reduced dimensions of the 8-channel TCSPC board (95×40 mm), the whole system can be enclosed in a small aluminum case (160×125×30 mm)

Nowadays, many research fields like biology, chemistry, medicine and space technology rely on high sensitivity imaging instruments that allow to exploit modern measurement techniques; among these, Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC) provides extremely high time resolution. Single-photon detectors play a key role in these advanced imaging systems, and in recent years Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) have become a valid alternative to Photo Multiplier Tubes (PMTs). Moreover scientific research has recently focused on single photon detector arrays, pushed by a growing demand for multichannel systems. In this scenario, we developed a compact, stand-alone, 32-channel system for time-resolved single-photon counting applications. The system core is represented by a 32×1 SPAD array built in custom technology, featuring high time resolution, high photon detection efficiency (> 45%) and low dark count rate. The SPAD avalanche signal is exported through an integrated inverter which is placed close to the photo detector, this way the avalanche event is detected with high time resolution while achieving negligible crosstalk between adjacent pixels. SPAD proper operation is guaranteed by a 32×1 mixed passive-active quenching circuit (AQC) array built in 0.18 μm HV-CMOS technology; its digital outputs are fed to an FPGA that performs on-board processing of photon counting information. On the contrary, photon timing information is directly extracted from the pixel array and exported in Current Mode Logic (CML) standard. Preliminary experiments have been carried out on the developed system, resulting in a high time resolution (< 60 ps FWHM) and mean dark count rate lower than 8500 counts/s at 25°C