Importance of intraocular pressure measurement at 6:00 a.m. in bed and in darkness in suspected and glaucomatous patients A importância da medida da pressão intraocular às 6 horas no leito e no escuro em suspeitos e portadores de glaucoma SEBASTIÃO (1)(2)(3)(4) . Recently, it was demonstrated in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) that long-term IOP fluctuation is associated with a progression of visual field loss in patients with low mean IOP but not in patients with high mean IOP (5) .This fact has been well- ABSTRACTPurpose: To assess the importance of intraocular pressure measurement obtained at 6:00 a.m. in bed and darkness for the diagnosis and intraocular pressure control of primary open-angle glaucoma.Methods: Retrospective analysis of the daily curve of intraocular pressure of suspects and glaucomatous patients under treatment. Suspects were classified as intraocular pressure values ranging from 19 to 24 mmHg in isolated measurements and/or cup/disc ratio ≥ 0.7 in one or both eyes and/or asymmetry of cup/disc ratio ≥ 0.3 and a normal visual field. Each daily curve of intraocular pressure comprised five to seven IOP measurements with Goldmann applanation tonometer at 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 3:00 and/or 6:00 and 10:00 p.m. and/or 12:00 a.m. and in the following day morning at 6:00 a.m. in supine position in bed and in darkness with Perkins tonometer before the patient had stood up. Only the daily curves of intraocular pressure that presented an intraocular pressure peak (difference between the higher and the lesser intraocular pressure value) >6 mmHg were analyzed. In these daily curves, the average intraocular pressure and the standard deviation were calculated. The average intraocular pressure and standard deviation values were compared with the normal superior limits: average + two standard deviation of average intraocular pressure and standard deviation of intraocular pressure daily curve from normal patients of the same age group. Daily curves were considered abnormal when their average intraocular pressure and standard deviation values were above the normal superior limits. Secondary and congenital glaucoma were excluded. Results: Daily curves of intraocular pressure of 565 eyes were analyzed; 361 suspected eyes and 204 eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma. In suspects, 64.3% presented an intraocular pressure peak at 6:00 a.m. in bed. In primary open-angle glaucoma, 68.6% presented an intraocular pressure peak at 6:00 a.m. in bed. In 5.3% of the suspects and in 5.9% of primary open-angle glaucoma patients, the daily curve of intraocular pressure profile was inverted (lesser intraocular pressure at 6:00 a.m.). Conclusion: Intraocular pressure peaks at 6:00 a.m. were responsible for the diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma in 64.3% of suspects and revealed inadequate intraocular pressure control in 68.6% of eyes with primary openangle glaucoma. The daily curve of intraocular pressure including the intraocular pressure measurement at 6:00 a.m. in bed and in darkness is of vital importance...

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a tool used for the treatment of patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure. However, MV is a non-physiological resource, and it can cause metabolic disorders such as release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen species. In clinical setting, maneuvers such as sigh, are used to protect the lungs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of sigh on oxidative stress and lung inflammation in healthy adult Wistar rats submitted to MV. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (CG), mechanical ventilation (MVG), MV set at 20 sighs/h (MVG20), and MV set at 40 sighs/h (MVG40). The MVG, MVG20, and MVG40 were submitted to MV for 1 h. After the protocol, all animals were euthanized and the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lungs were collected for subsequent analysis. In the arterial blood, MVG40 presented higher partial pressure of oxygen and lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to control. The levels of bicarbonate in MVG20 were lower compared to CG. The neutrophil influx in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was higher in the MVG compared to CG and MVG40. In the lung parenchyma, the lipid peroxidation was higher in MVG compared to CG, MVG20, and MVG40. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were higher in MVG compared to CG, MVG20, and MVG40. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in the lung homogenate were higher in MVG compared to CG, MVG20, and MVG40. The use of sigh plays a protective role as it reduced redox imbalance and pulmonary inflammation caused by MV.