The desire for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to routinely access manned airspace has grown substantially due to the proliferation of UAS and their associated applications. A key challenge to safely integrating UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS) is providing a reliable means for UAS to sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft. The US Air Force is addressing this challenge through the Common Airborne Sense and Avoid (C-ABSAA) program. C-ABSAA is developing a sophisticated SAA capability that will be integrated onboard larger UAS. This paper summarizes key human factors efforts to develop a SAA traffic display with the appropriate level of information needed to aid the pilot in successfully maintaining self-separation and collision avoidance from other aircraft. The present study examined performance differences between candidate SAA displays as well as the most efficient manner to communicate recommended maneuvers. Fifteen Class 3-5 UAS military pilots compared five stand-alone SAA displays across two weather constraint levels (no weather, weather). Results indicated that the Banding Display tended to be most effective in aiding pilot performance during a SAA situation, with faster response times, less change in response time between weather conditions, no collision avoidance alert violations, and favorable subjective feedback. Implications of these findings on determining the acceptable level of information needed on a SAA display to aid pilot performance are discussed.
711th HPW, WPAFB, OH Jessica Shihady, 711th HPW, WPAFB, OH Establishing human-centered requirements early in the system design, development and acquisition process is key to delivering effective and useable systems to the warfighter. To achieve this goal, it would be beneficial for the HSI practitioner to have a standardized, data-driven tool to assist in generating, tracking, and documenting human-centered requirements. The Survivability/Vulnerability Information Analysis Center created the Human Systems Integration -Capabilities and Requirements Tool in order to provide a means for identifying human related risks and concerns. The HSI-CRT uses domain-based questions to analyze human related risks in Capabilities-Based Assessment, Analysis of Alternatives, and Concept Development. The questions were developed by leveraging Department of Defense and Air Force requirements guides for these three processes. HSI-CRT is based on a risk management approach that is familiar to system engineering and program management disciplines. The practitioner responds to a set of questions with simple yes/no answers that query the status of human centered risks at any point in the requirements planning process. The practitioner is then prompted to rate the potential human performance risk using the standard DoD risk methodology. The tool also allows the practitioner to document the HSI status by entering data that supports the risk rating. Based on user responses, the HSI-CRT provides a report documenting the human performance risks associated with the analysis being performed. The tool was released to the Air Force in July 2015.
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