Vaccinia virus encodes two protein kinases; the B1 kinase is expressed early and appears to play a role during DNA replication, whereas the F10 kinase is expressed late and is encapsidated in virions. Here we report that the F10 kinase gene is the locus affected in a complementation group of temperature-sensitive mutants composed of ts15, ts28, ts54, and ts61. Although these mutants have a biochemically normal phenotype at the nonpermissive temperature, directing the full program of viral gene expression, they fail to form mature virions. Electron microscopic analysis indicates that morphogenesis undergoes arrest at a very early stage, prior to the formation of membrane crescents or immature virions. An essential role for the F10 protein kinase in orchestrating the onset of virion assembly is implied.

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According to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), unlike classic international treaties, the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) "comprises more than mere reciprocal engagements between contracting States. It creates, over and above, a network of mutual, bilateral undertakings, objective obligations which, in the words of the Preamble, benefit from a "collective enforcement". 1 From Article 1 of the Convention, in particular, it follows that "the primary responsibility for implementing and enforcing the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention is laid on the national authorities", 2 and especially on national courts, whose role in making the ECHR effective in domestic legal orders is of the utmost importance. 3 By ratifying the ECHR, the Contracting States undertake to ensure that their domestic legislation is compatible with it. 4 So, a breach of the ECHR can result from the mere existence of a law which introduces, directs or authorizes measures incompatible with the minimum standard of protection guaranteed by the Convention. Nonetheless, in order to establish that this minimum standard has been violated, reference should be made to the manner national authorities interpret and apply in concreto the Convention. The absence of a law expressly prohibiting a violation is not sufficient in itself to establish a breach since such a prohibition does not represent the sole method of securing the enjoyment of the rights and * While the authors equally share the responsibility for the entire essay, section 1 is by Nicola Napoletano and section 2 is by Andrea Caligiuri.

The aim of the study is to ascertain how the original Grotian formula ‘aut dedere aut punire’ has been implemented and evolved in international law. The first step is to classify the multilateral conventions that have accepted an aut dedere aut judicare clause. The goal is to bring out peculiarities of the different treaty texts, describing the relationship between the two options dedere and judicare, and the different obligations that arise for the contracting states. We will then examine the content of the two options, to define the legal boundaries within which the contracting states shall or may operate. At this point, we will focus on the legal nature of the aut dedere aut judicare principle that over time may have risen to the status of customary rule. The study will conclude with analysis of reactions to the breach of the aut dedere aut judicare clause by non-complying countries.

Anode electrodes with suitable performance towards the direct oxidation of alcohols avoiding the reforming step are presented in this paper. The reforming process increases the complexity of the whole device and increases the cost. It is shown the synthesis of nanoparticles that are used for the fabrication of button cells suitable to be used with alcohols as anodic fuel, avoiding preliminary reforming operation unit. Also, it is investigated the theoretical thermodynamic conditions and correlated with the electrochemical performance