Introduction: Every day science seeks new ways to treat various diseases through drugs that are efficient and viable. Thus, therapeutic alternatives that meet such demand are targets of study. Microemulsions are one of these new alternatives due to their peculiar pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the anti-inflammatory potential of microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil using an experimental model of muscle injury. Methods: Male Swiss mice were divided into three groups: control, microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil. After the pre-treatment, a muscle injury was induced in the animals’ leg and subsequently evaluations were carried out in the horizontal extent of edema and compared between the groups at predetermined times. Following evaluation of muscle injury, dissection of the right gastrocnemius muscles was performed for histological analysis. Results: The microemulsion and pure bullfrog oil showed good anti-inflammatory activity, acting similarly in reducing edema during the first two hours, but without statistical significance from the 3rd to the 24th hour after induction. The histological analysis revealed that the muscle tissue of the animals treated with the microemulsion presented mild cellular infiltrate and little wear of muscle fibers when compared with the muscular tissue of animals treated with the pure bullfrog oil. The histological analysis of the hepatic tissue showed signs of injury in the liver lobes of the pure bullfrog oil group, not observed in the microemulsion group. Conclusion: The microemulsion sho-wed good anti-inflammatory potential in the acute phase of the inflammatory response, reducing the formation of edema and preserving muscle tissue against the occurrence of lesions and without inducing injury in hepatic tissue.

The moment of social isolation experienced by the world population due to the COVID-19 pandemic tends to trigger behavioral changes of different orders and on an exponential scale, regardless of social class, age, gender, or ethnicity. Environmental enrichment presents itself as an important strategy to face the social isolation imposed by the pandemic, in order to act as an important agent of induction of biological factors for cognitive and emotional development, favoring a better possibility of adaptation to isolation.

The Human Anatomy is an ancient Science, which uses the human body as the main material of study. However, structural differences between individuals that make up the species are quite common in the population and always emerge as a source of reports that aim to demonstrate and clarify these differences. These structural changes are called anatomical variations and may be presented externally or internally in any of the body systems, with no functional impairment to the individual. The salivary glands are exocrine glands that secrete saliva directly into the mouth through their ducts. This secretion has the functions of keeping mucous membranes moist, cleaning teeth, lubricating, dissolving and starting the food digestion process. Most of the saliva is secreted by the major salivary glands, the parotid glands and the submandibular glands, the latter being the focus of this case report. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of finding an accessory submandibular gland on a cadaver from the Human Anatomy Laboratory of the University Center of Rio Grande do Norte located in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The discovery was made during a dissection of an adult male body in 2012, where an accessory submandibular gland was found in the right antimere. Thus, by identifying such variations, its clinical importance can be observed for the purpose of diagnostic imaging, surgery and anatomical teaching applied to clinic, given the scarcity of published reports, thus providing better understanding those working directly or indirectly on the subject.

Infectious diseases account for more than a third of all hospital admissions, and are highly prevalent in intensive care units. Currently, sepsis is one of the diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, with death rates reaching up to 60% among intensive care patients, according to statistics from low-income countries. The prominence of multi-resistant microorganisms is rising, while the possibilities of development of new target drugs are being exhausted. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of bullfrog oil in its pure state and in a microemulsion system in an experimental model of sepsis. Mice were separated into three groups and treated with bullfrog oil in its pure state, in a microemulsion, and with saline solution, and subsequently submitted to induction of sepsis. Bronchoalveolar lavages were performed for cell counts, as well as analyses of lung tissue samples. When the washings were analyzed, no statistically significant difference was observed in cell migration between the experimental groups, but a difference was observed between these groups and the saline solution group. When the lung tissue samples were analyzed, intense tissue wear was observed in the bullfrog oil groups, with the presence of cellular infiltrate and rupture of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. However, in the microemulsion group, no major tissue wear was observed, and the pulmonary parenchyma was more preserved. Thus, we concluded that bullfrog oil in pure form and in a microemulsion system are good modulators of the inflammatory response, with the microemulsion system being more efficient in protecting lung tissue.

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