Geographical Indications (GIs) refer to products and services with unique characteristics of a given region, granting a certain level of excellence to these goods and services. Moreover, GIs are connected to the locations, in recognition of their territoriality, as well as to the region's cultural and historical identity, being attached to the level of centrality of the region and promoting greater trust, as centrality is directly linked to its catchment area. In this regard, the present work is aimed at carrying out a temporal comparison of the centrality indices of the five groups of Geographical Indications in Northeastern Brazil between the years of 2006 and 2017, in order to test the hypothesis established, determining whether such event is enough to explain the influence of the products and goods on their respective cities of origin. This is a quality-quantitative research, based on a bibliographic and documentary survey by analyzing five GI groups from the Northeastern region of Brazil, focused on their relative share of the Gross Domestic Product of private services in certain municipalities and taking into account five higher-order spatial cutouts: microregion, mesoregion, state, region and country. Besides determining the centrality indices, carried out using the well-known Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also applied. The results of the present research did not identify any indications that granting GIs is enough to promote a distinct level of development to the municipalities. Therefore, GIs did not exhibit any relevant effect on the municipal levels of centrality.
ResumoO Governo Brasileiro ao ratificar a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB, 1992) assumiu a obrigação de estabelecer as regras para o acesso, proteção e exploração dos recursos genéticos da biodiversidade e dos conhecimentos tradicionais associados. Neste sentido foi promulgada no ano de 2001 a Medida Provisória n° 2.186, a qual também criou o Conselho de Gestão do Patrimônio genético (CGEN) , um órgão normativo e deliberativo, responsável pela avaliação dos projetos para fins de pesquisa científica, bioprospecção e desenvolvimento tecnológico. O objetivo principal da criação MP 2.186 foi impedir que empresas multinacionais, entidades e indivíduos, inspirados pelo conhecimento tradicional e motivados por interesses econômicos escusos se apropriassem de recursos genéticos da fauna e da flora do Brasil para transformá-los em medicamentos e cosméticos no exterior. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise do histórico de registros oficiais brasileiros de autuações e deliberações de pesquisas científicas, bioprospecções e desenvolvimentos tecnológicos realizados com recursos genéticos da biodiversidade brasileira e/ou com conhecimento tradicionais associados dos Povos Indígenas dasComunidades Tradicionais do Brasil. Realizaram-se análises qualitativas e quantitativas dos registros de autuações e deliberações do período de 2002 a 2014 apresentados nos relatórios de atividades divulgados pelo CGEN. Os resultados demonstram que os maiores números de registros de autuações e de deliberações estão relacionados autorizações simples e especiais para projetos de pesquisa científica envolvendo o patrimônio genético brasileiro, além do aumento do interesse por atividades de exploração econômica envolvendo o patrimônio genético brasileiro.
Babassu is a native palm tree from Brazil traditionally used by Indigenous Peoples (IP) and Traditional Communities (TC), in order to produce medicines applied in different treatments. Some of these medicinal applications have been scientifically analyzed in order to prove their pharmacological potentialities and have also been an object of interest for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights. The objective of this work was to carry out the technological forecasting of traditional knowledge associated with babassu related to the treatments applied by traditional medicine and to analyze the indicators connected with to the protection of Intellectual Property Rights. Initially, we conducted a survey of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies, presenting applications of babassu performed by traditional medicine. Subsequently, we presented a literature review, focused on analyzing the effects of babassu according to the practices of traditional medicine. Finally, we analyzed the records of filed patents made in World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and Latin American Base of the European Patent Office (LATIPAT) in relation to previously identified Traditional Knowledge Associated (TKA). There were different types of babassu applications used by traditional medicine, according to the results of the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies carried out in Brazil. The applications that stood out were related to anti-inflammatory and cicatrizant treatments. Most of the pharmacological research that focused on proving the medicinal potential associated with the use of babassu, analyzed applications in anti-inflammatory and cicatrizant treatments, which mostly demonstrated these potentialities. It was verified that the interests for the protection of Intellectual Property Rights of the TKA with babassu, and the anti-inflammatory and cicatrizant treatments, presented a growth. This study contributes with positive evidence for the medicinal and cosmetic potentialities of babassu presented by traditional medicine. However, it also shows that holders of TKA have not been involved in the processes of protection of Intellectual Property Rights of inventions that apply TKA with babassu. In view of the related conflicts, it is suggested that TKA be valued in management and conservation practices.
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