The realization of acoustic devices analogous to electronic systems, like diodes, transistors, and logic elements, suggests the potential use of elastic vibrations (i.e., phonons) in information processing, for example, in advanced computational systems, smart actuators, and programmable materials. Previous experimental realizations of acoustic diodes and mechanical switches have used nonlinearities to break transmission symmetry. However, existing solutions require operation at different frequencies or involve signal conversion in the electronic or optical domains. Here, we show an experimental realization of a phononic transistor-like device using geometric nonlinearities to switch and amplify elastic vibrations, via magnetic coupling, operating at a single frequency. By cascading this device in a tunable mechanical circuit board, we realize the complete set of mechanical logic elements and interconnect selected ones to execute simple calculations.phononic metamaterials | tunable materials | phonon switching and cascading | phononic computing | acoustic transistor T he idea of realizing a mechanical computer has a long established history (1). The first known calculators and computers were both mechanical, as in Charles Babbage's concept of a programmable computer and Ada Lovelace's first description of programing (2). However, the discovery of electronic transistors rapidly replaced the idea of mechanical computing. Phononic metamaterials, used to control the propagation of lattice vibrations, are systems composed of basic building blocks, (i.e., unit cells) that repeat spatially. These materials exhibit distinct frequency characteristics, such as band gaps, where elastic/acoustic waves are prohibited from propagation. Potential applications of phononic metamaterials in computing can range from thermal computing (3-5) (at small scales) to ultrasound and acousticbased computing (6, 7) (at larger scales). Phononic devices analogous to electronic or optical systems have already been demonstrated. For example, acoustic switches (8, 9), rectifiers (10, 11), diodes (12-15), and lasers (16, 17) have been demonstrated both numerically and experimentally. Recently, phononic computing has been suggested as a possible strategy to augment electronic and optical computers (18) or even facilitate phononicbased quantum computing (19,20). All-phononic circuits have been theoretically proposed (21, 22) and phononic metamaterials (23-26) have been identified as tools to perform basic logic operations (6, 7). Electromechanical logic (27) and transistors (28) operating using multiple frequencies have also been demonstrated. Most of these devices operate using electronic signals (26) and/or operate at mixed frequencies. When different frequencies are needed for information to propagate, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to connect multiple devices in a circuit.Electronic transistors used in today's electronic devices are characterized by their ability to switch and amplify electronic signals. Conventional field-effect tran...
Magnetic potential and material programming We characterize the magnetic force between a 3×3 array of magnets of diameter 5 mm and thickness of 4 mm resembling the controllable magnetic field underneath the metamaterial plate. We fix the array to the forcesensing clamp in the Instron 3000 mechanical testing machine. We fix another array of 3×3 magnets to the opposite Instron clamp, 3 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness similar to the magnets embedded in the metamaterial. We start the compression test with the magnets at 15 mm distance. We move the magnet arrays close to each other and record the repulsion force in
Phononic crystals and metamaterials can sculpt elastic waves, controlling their dispersion using different mechanisms. These mechanisms are mostly Bragg scattering, local resonances, and inertial amplification, derived from ad hoc, often problem-specific geometries of the materials' building blocks. Here, we present a platform that ultilizes a lattice of spiraling unit cells to create phononic materials encompassing Bragg scattering, local resonances, and inertial amplification. We present two examples of phononic materials that can control waves with wavelengths much larger than the lattice's periodicity. (1) A wave beaming plate, which can beam waves at arbitrary angles, independent of the lattice vectors. We show that the beaming trajectory can be continuously tuned, by varying the driving frequency or the spirals' orientation. (2) A topological insulator plate, which derives its properties from a resonance-based Dirac cone below the Bragg limit of the structured lattice of spirals.
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