Gastroesophageal reflux disease often presents as heartburn and acid reflux, the so-called "typical" symptoms. However, a subgroup of patients presents a collection of signs and symptoms that are not directly related to esophageal damage. These are known collectively as the extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Principal among such manifestations are bronchospasm, chronic cough and laryngitis, which are classified as atypical symptoms. These manifestations comprise a heterogeneous group. However, some generalizations can be made regarding all of the subgroups. First, although the correlation between gastroesophageal reflux disease and the extraesophageal manifestations has been well established, a cause-and-effect relationship has yet to be definitively elucidated. In addition, the main proposed pathogenic mechanisms of extraesophageal reflux are direct injury of the extraesophageal tissue (caused by contact with gastric acid) and the esophagobronchial reflex, which is mediated by the vagus nerve. Furthermore, gastroesophageal reflux disease might not be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting only the atypical symptoms. In this article, we review the extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, discussing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. We focus on the most extensively studied and well-established presentations.

Transaxillary muscle-splitting breast augmentation, a novel approach to a technique that has been described previously, provides consistent, satisfactory results and good reproducibility. This new approach provides an excellent anatomic final appearance with no risk of displacement, rippling, double-bubble deformity, or contracture-associated deformities. Furthermore, this technique avoids any visible scars on the breast and features a low complication rate.

Simultaneous augmentation-mastopexy can achieve excellent patient and surgeon satisfaction but continues to pose a challenge, with revision rates of up to 25%. Recurrent ptosis and poor overall breast shape are 2 common reasons for reoperation, whereas some of the most feared complications is breast implant exposure, infection, and loss secondary to wound breakdown; excessively large implants or too much tension during closure are possible contributing factors. We describe a technique for augmentation-mastopexy combining a muscle-splitting pocket for implant placement along with an inferior flap, which helps secure the implant in place and provides coverage in case of wound dehiscence. A retrospective chart review was performed (January 2015 to December 2017) of women who underwent augmentation-mastopexy with round, textured silicone gel implants using a muscle-splitting technique combined with an inferior de-epithelialized dermoglandular flap. A total of 118 patients (236 breasts) were operated on. Mean follow-up was 13 months (10–42 months). Mean patient age was 33.3 years (24–55 years). Mean operative time was 102.9 minutes (80–135 minutes), and implant size ranged from 175 to 350 mL (mode, 275 mL). There were no cases of implant extrusion, nipple-areola complex ischemia, or surgical site infection; however, 1 patient required revision surgery for implant malposition, and 2 had a postoperative hematoma. In summary, the technique we describe combines 2 established mammaplasty techniques, ensuring upper pole fullness with good cleavage, implant protection in case of wound breakdown, and good patient satisfaction as evidenced by a low revision rate and minimal complications. Level of Evidence IV, therapeutic. Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention, such as case studies.

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Descritores: Retalhos cirúrgicos. Nariz/cirurgia. Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Reconstrutivos. Neoplasias Nasais. ABSTRACT Background:The Rieger's flap was first described by its eponym, in 1967, as a good option for coverage of dorsal nasal soft-tissue defects. Objectives: To evaluate aesthetic results and patient satisfaction after nasal reconstruction with Rieger's flap. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 10 patients who underwent the procedure in 2009. We evaluated the aesthetic results using photographic analysis and satisfaction score according to the patients' complaints. Results: The mean age was 67 years old. A total of 7 men and 3 women underwent the procedure in 2009. The overall photographic aesthetic result score was 8.9; the overall satisfaction score was 9.0. Conclusion: The Rieger's flap is a good option for coverage of defects of the medium/distal nasal dorsum that are less than 2.0 cm in diameter. When performed on selected patients, the Rieger's flap is an aesthetically predictable one-stage procedure.

Steffen N et al. Implicações da mamoplastia de aumento via transaxilar na pesquisa de linfonodo sentinela: revisão da literatura Implications of transaxillary breast augmentation in the sentinel lymph node detection: literature review RESUMO Introdução: A pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela é o tratamento padrão para o estadiamento da axila em pacientes com câncer de mama precoce, e sua identificação pode evitar um esvaziamento axilar desnecessário. A incidência de câncer de mama vem aumentando a cada ano, concomitantemente, a mamoplastia de aumento transaxilar vem ganhando cada vez mais adeptos. Objetivo: Revisão bibliográfica com vistas a avaliar se a mamoplastia de aumento transaxilar poderia modificar a drenagem linfática e prejudicar a identificação do linfonodo sentinela. Método: Revisão da literatura. Conclusão: A maioria dos estudos tende a excluir a hipótese de que a mamoplastia de aumento transaxilar possa afetar a identificação do linfonodo sentinela no futuro. Descritores: Linfonodos. Mamoplastia. Neoplasias de mama.

Objective To examine the effects of short-term cyclic stretch on apoptosis in alveolar type II cells (A549). To study in vitro the direct influence of alveolar type II cells on mechanical stretch. Methods A549 were treated with different doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 0 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1000 ng/ml, and then A549 were lengthened 5%, 15%, 30% using a FLEXCELL tension unit 4000, a vacuum-driven device that applies strain to cells, which were cultured in six-well plates coated with collagen-I, and 12 cycles/min for 4 hours. Apoptosis was measured using the flow cytometry method that measures annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining. The morphological changes of apoptotic cells were observed by transmission electron microscope. Results Apoptosis could be induced in alveolar type II cells (A549) by mechanical stretch. The percentage of annexin V + PI cells increased after being treated with cyclic stretch for 4 hours by 5%, 15%, 30% in all groups. The morphological features of apoptotic cells demonstrated by transmission electron microscope were as follows: shrinkage of the cell, chromatin condensation and aggregation under the nuclear membrane as a crescent or lump, membrane-encapsulated nuclear fragment or cell organ formed by invagination of the cell membrane, and apoptotic body formation followed by vacuolization. Conclusion Apoptosis induced by mechanical stretch and LPS is dose dependent. Mechanical stretch aggravates apoptosis especially in cells treated with LPS. Annexin V and PI double staining is a specific, sensitive, and quantitative method for analyzing apoptotic cells. It is also helpful to clarify the protective mechanism of low-volume ventilation in ARDS. Acknowledgement The study was funded by the 'One Hundred People' project of Shanghai Sanitary Bureau (03-77-20).