No abstract

An inventory of the orb-weaver spiders guild was carried out at the Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande and nearby regions (Cotia and Ibiúna-SP). Sixteen areas were sampled, eight belonging to the Reserve, and eight to forest fragments. Four areas of the Reserve presented a mature vegetation, while the remaining four, as well as the forest fragment areas, presented secondary vegetation. Sampling was carried out in December 2002 and March 2003, and the method employed was the nocturnal manual searching. Twenty four samples were obtained from each area, totalling 384 samples. A total of 12,683 spiders were collected, 3,148 adults (24.8%), and 9,535 immatures (75,2%). Adult spiders were sorted to 121 species, belonging to seven families. This is the largest richness ever recorded for an Atlantic Forest area. Both sampling periods had 67 species in common and 27 exclusive species. The most species rich family was Araneidae (76 spp), followed by Tetragnathidae (26 spp), Theridiosomatidae (nine spp), Uloboridae (six spp), Anapidae (two spp), Mysmenidae (one sp) and, Symphytognathidae (one sp). The distribution of the species among the families agrees with their richness in Brazil and worldwide, except Theridiosomatidae witch seems to be overepresented. Their relative abundance showed a similar pattern. The dominant species was Micrathena nigrichelis, with 320 specimens, followed by Micrathena guanabara (306 individuals), Mangora sp.2 (258 individuals) and, Wagneriana janeiro (171 individuals). The community presented a low dominance (H'=3.11) and a high evenness (E=0.835), as expected in a tropical environment. Seven non-parametric richness estimators were used, and their estimates ranged from 130.9 (Bootstrap) to 155.9 (Jackknife 2) species. Nevertheless, none of them reached the asymptote, since the number of rare species (singletons, doubletons, uniques and duplicates) remained stable. The distribution of the species among the eight areas of the Reserva do Morro Grande was verified by a DCA, and the results showed a clear distinction between mature and secondary forests. This analysis also showed species related to each kind of environment, and the results were compared to those of other inventories. The large number of species and individuals of orb-weaver spiders collected stresses the importance of the studied forests and especially the Reserva do Morro Grande as a conservation unit.

The integration of ecology and historical biogeography is fostering the investigation of diversity patterns. We studied alpha and beta diversity patterns of Brazilian Atlantic Forest harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) communities and related them to environmental and historical factors. Our data bank contains 508 species from 63 sites, encompassing almost the entire latitudinal range of Atlantic Forest. Alpha diversity was higher in coastal sites in the south and southeast regions and decreased in sites inland, as well as in sites in the coastal northeast region, especially in northern Bahia state. Alpha diversity was positively influenced by precipitation and altitudinal range, but the low number of species in northeastern coastal sites seems to be more related to the historical distribution of Neotropical harvestman lineages than to recent environmental factors. Geographic distance was the most influential factor for beta diversity. Compositional changes were also remarkably congruent with areas of endemism delimited for Atlantic Forest harvestmen. The percentage of protected areas for each area of endemism was very unbalanced, and Espírito Santo and Pernambuco states were the least protected areas. The turnover process observed in the compositional changes indicates that conservation strategies should include as many reserves as possible because every community presents a unique set of species.

The study of diversity has become increasingly sophisticated, including the use of measures of phylogenetic diversity. We calculate the spatial variation in species richness, taxonomic beta diversity, and alpha and beta phylogenetic diversity (PDα and PDβ, respectively) of Atlantic Forest harvestman communities using a data set containing 556 species from 68 sites, distributed in 12 Brazilian states. We compare the congruence of phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity patterns, and also compare PDα with null model expectations, to check for phylogenetic clustering or overdispersion in communities. Species richness and PDα are correlated, peaking in southern and south‐eastern coastal sites and decreasing towards the interior and towards the north‐east. PDα in north‐eastern sites was higher than expected, while a clustered phylogenetic pattern characterised most other sites. Communities in the southern and south‐eastern regions were dominated by species from the large family Gonyleptidae, presenting a high richness and a low PDα. As the dominance of Gonyleptidae decreased towards the north, where local communities have fewer species, but a higher PDα, they contain representatives of other families. The beta diversity was more sensitive to the compositional changes involving closely related Gonyleptidae species, while PDβ is more influenced by deeper phylogenetic compositional changes, between more distant lineages. Phylogenetic diversity may be of special importance to assess the conservation value of distantly related lineages. These species‐poor groups are less likely to influence taxonomic‐based diversity analyses, but their importance for conservation arises from their phylogenetic distinctiveness, captured by PDα and PDβ measures.

The combination of biological and chemical oxidation processes is an interesting approach to remove ready, poor, and non-biodegradable compounds from complex industrial wastewaters. In this study, biofiltration followed by H2O2/UV oxidation (or microfiltration) and final reverse osmosis (RO) step was employed for tertiary treatment of an oil refinery wastewater. Biofiltration alone allowed obtaining total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), ammonium, and turbidity removal of around 46, 46, 23, 50, and 61 %, respectively. After the combined biological-chemical oxidation treatment, TOC and UV254 removal amounted to 88 and 79 %, respectively. Whereas, the treatment performance achieved with different UV lamp powers (55 and 95 W) and therefore distinct irradiance levels (26.8 and 46.3 mW/cm(2), respectively) were very similar and TOC and UV254 removal rates were highly affected by the applied C/H2O2 ratio. Silt density index (SDI) was effectively reduced by H2O2/UV oxidation, favoring further RO application. C/H2O2 ratio of 1:4, 55 W UV lamp, and 20-min oxidation reaction corresponded to the experimental condition which provided the best cost/benefit ratio for TOC, UV254, and SDI reduction from the biofilter effluent. The array of treatment processes proposed in this study has shown to be adequate for tertiary treatment of the oil refinery wastewater, ensuring the mitigation of membrane fouling problems and producing a final effluent which is suitable for reuse applications.