There is an increasing interest in osteoporosis and reduced bone mineral density affecting not only post-menopausal women but also men, particularly with coexisting chronic diseases. Bone status in patients with stable chronic heart failure (HF) has been rarely studied so far. HF and osteoporosis are highly prevalent aging-related syndromes that exact a huge impact on society. Both disorders are common causes of loss of function and independence, and of prolonged hospitalizations, presenting a heavy burden on the health care system. The most devastating complication of osteoporosis is hip fracture, which is associated with high mortality risk and among those who survive, leads to a loss of function and independence often necessitating admission to long-term care. Current HF guidelines do not suggest screening methods or patient education in terms of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture. This review may serve as a solid base to discuss the need for bone health evaluation in HF patients.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Osteoporosis may have substantial prognostic significance in HF. 38 Among patients with HF, lower BMD was associated with increased rates of death, implantation of an LV assist device, and/or inotrope dependency. 39 When HF and osteoporosis are both present in a patient, subsequent mortality is more than additive. 40 In men and women with HF, those with 382 G. Loncar et al.

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition with many imbalances, including nutritional issues. Next to sarcopenia and cachexia which are clinically evident, micronutrient deficiency is also present in HF. It is involved in HF pathophysiology and has prognostic implications. In general, most widely known micronutrients are depleted in HF, which is associated with symptoms and adverse outcomes. Nutritional intake is important but is not the only factor reducing the micronutrient availability for bodily processes, because absorption, distribution, and patient comorbidity may play a major role. In this context, interventional studies with parenteral micronutrient supplementation provide evidence that normalization of micronutrients is associated with improvement in physical performance and quality of life. Outcome studies are underway and should be reported in the following years.

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The first two examples of polyoxopalladates(II) (POPs) containing tetravalent metal ion guests, [MO 8 Pd 12 (PO 4 ) 8 ] 12− (M = Sn IV , Pb IV ), have been prepared and structurally characterized in the solid state, solution, and gas phase. The interactions of the metal ion guests and the palladium-oxo shell were studied by theoretical calculations. The POPs were shown to possess anticancer activity by causing oxidative stress inducing caspase activation and consecutive apoptosis of leukemic cells.

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