This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
There have been numerous literatures on sustainable forest management and its relation to sustainable development goals. However, the comparative studies on regulatory framework and initiatives for realizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sustainable forest management remain underexplored, particularly with the recent development of legal systems and policy in Malaysia and Indonesia. This research aims to identify and compare the regulatory framework and government initiatives in Malaysia and Indonesia for the realization of SDGs with special reference to sustainable forest management by addressing deforestation and other relevant problems. The research shows that in developing the SDGs, the Indonesian government tends to overlap in formulating its regulations. The majority of initiatives built before and after implementing a sustainable forest management model in Indonesia are very much in line with what the SDGs has been aspired. The cause of the decline in forest management in Indonesia is the regulation that made beyond the realm of forest management. The vision and attempt of the Malaysian government, on the other hand, to achieve sustainable development status by 2020 are stated clearly but the results remain debateable which is similar to those of Indonesia.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become an emerging technology for the fabrication of geometrically complex, patient-specific biomedical implants. However, several properties of the 3D printed material have not so far been fully understood. Among these properties, wear resistance is considered as the critical one for the 3D printed material that should be applied as a sliding component in an artificial joint prosthesis. In this research, the wear resistance of a 3D printed polylactic-acid (PLA) pin that slid over the surface of titanium plate was characterized in water and bovine serum by using a pin-on-plate tribometer. The result showed that the use of bovine serum could reduce the wear of the 3D printed PLA better than the use of the water as the lubricant. Based on the analysis of weight losses and worn surface morphology, polymer film transfer was proposed as the possible wear mechanism that occurred during the sliding of the 3D printed PLA pin over the surface of the Ti plate.
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) has so far been recognized for its reliability and simplicity for manufacturing of geometrically-complex polymeric materials with 3D printing technique. Recently, the studies concerning the properties of materials fabricated by using the FDM have been growing, including those related to their wear resistance which is considered of critical when a 3D-printed material must work sliding over the surface of another material during its application. Up to now, however, the influence of several FDM-printing parameters, including the raster orientations, on the wear resistance of the printed polymeric materials have not yet been fully understood. In this research, the influence of raster orientations on the wear resistance of FDM-processed polylactic-acid (PLA) materials in bovine blood serum were determined. A reciprocating pin-on-plate tribometer was used to evaluate wear resistance of a cylindrical PLA pin that slid over the surface of a commercially-pure titanium (Ti) plate. The results showed that the FDM-printed PLA pins with unidirectional raster orientations had higher wear factors (WF), i.e., ~1.5 ´ 10-4 mm N-1 m-1 than those with crossed raster orientations, i.e., ~0.8 ´ 10-4 mm N-1 m-1. Meanwhile, the WF values of Ti surface that slid against PLA pin with crossed raster orientations, i.e., ~0.09 ´ 10-4 mm N-1 m-1, were also significantly lower than those sliding with the pin having unidirectional raster orientation, i.e., 0.34 – 0.41 ´ 10-4 mm N-1 m-1. The result of analysis of the worn surface morphologies shows the indications of surface abrasion, fatigue and polymer film transfer as the possible wear mechanisms of both the FDM-processed PLA pin and its Ti countersurface material. On the basis of all the findings in this research, it can be concluded that the crossed raster orientation is preferable to be used as one of the parameters in printing of the wear resistant PLA rather than the unidirectional raster orientation.
This paper aims to examine the current international legal framework that addresses climate change and identify the role of international human rights law in climate change issues. This paper began by identifying the international legal basis, the development of international legal regimes, and looking at the character and nature of these frameworks. Furthermore, this study seeks to identify the role of international human rights law to close the gap left by the climate change framework. This normative legal research examined secondary data from relevant books, journals, and published documents. There were several findings from this research. First, the current international climate change framework is insufficient to address climate change problems and their adverse impact. Second, international human rights law may play a significant role in closing the current climate change framework gap. International human rights law will add distinctive value to the current system, perform the complementary function to the non-legally binding commitment, and provide an 'arena' for such non-compliance behavior of states parties.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.