A number of studies have investigated the phenomenon of teachers’ talk to explain its role in the process of acquiring a target language in a classroom setting. However, studies of teachers’ talk in the field of communicative competence and it sub-competence have not much done yet. Three English teachers at SMAN 1 Semarang, SMA Nasional Karangturi Semarang, and SMA Mardisiswa Semarang were involved in this spoken discourse study to explain the realization of actional competence which proposed by Celce_Murcia et al. (1995) and formulaic competence based on the Biber et al’s. (2004) theory in teachers’ talk. Furthermore, this study also explained the relationship between those competencies. The findings of this study revealed that English teachers mostly performed actional competence in five sub-categories namely asking questions, giving instructions, explaining, reacting to interlocutors’ speech, and complementing. Related to the realization of lexical bundles, teachers’ talk mainly contained verb phrase along with dependent clauses. In contrast, lexical bundles that incorporate noun phrase and preposition fragments accounted for only a small proportion of lexical bundles. Dealing with the relationship between both competences, it revealed that there is a stock of lexical bundles on each language function. Seeing there is a relationship between both competences, the teachers must choose appropriate utterances in a given situation as the model for the students. The teachers need to maintain a balance, they are not only focused on grammar and pronunciation, but also have adequate knowledge and competence of lexical bundles for performing appropriate language functions.
This article aimed at explaining the realization of actional competence, which focused on language functions in the mood types of casual conversation. This study highlighted seven key areas of language functions proposed by Celce-Murcia et al. (2007), namely interpersonal exchange, information exchange, opinions, feelings, suasion, problems, and future scenarios. This study was descriptive qualitative research, where the participants were four students of a state university in Semarang. The finding of this study showed that among the speakers used mostly asking and giving information language function, which was realized in the form of declarative mood type. In other words, in this casual conversation among the speakers were trying to exchange information as much as possible. The present study has only investigated the realization of actional competence in students’ communication. Therefore, future researchers could investigate more deeply about the grammatical use of the students’ actional competence, especially in terms of language function. It is also crucial to include more participants with different backgrounds, such as formal situations, written discourse, or different cultures and gender.
This study aimed at investigating the differences and similarities of sentences pattern in English and Buginese and the approach of this study used namely qualitative, where the contrastive analysis was chosen as the method of the study in comparing and analyzing sentence patterns of both languages. From the analysis, it revealed that the similarities of two languages were: (1) both languages have similar sentences pattern, especially for the verbal simple present tense and verbal and nominal future tense, (2) both languages, have the same elements to construct a sentence (S+V+O). Meanwhile, the differences between both of them were (1) declarative sentence pattern for the nominal simple present tense, and verbal and nominal past tense between two languages is different. (2) There is no such pattern S + Vlinking + Subject Complement in Buginese since Buginese has no verb tobe. (3) In making past sentences in Buginese, it would involve Ergative Pronoun, namely -na, -no, -ni, and their position attached at the end of word pura. Hopefully, these findings can predict the interference would happen during teaching English as a target language with the student who has Buginese as their mother tongue. Furthermore, it is suggested that future researchers could conduct a Buginese language study in different settings, such as pragmatics analysis, morphological system, and phonology system.
This study was descriptive qualitative, which aimed at explaining the casual conversation features between two learners and its functions in terms of negotiation meaning, spontaneity, interpersonality, and interactivity. To obtained data, firstly, recording the conversation was done, continued by transcribing, coding, and the last was analyzing the findings. The findings showed this conversation was dominated by exchange information and idea between the speakers rather than exchanging feelings because logico-semantic appeared more dominant than interpersonal negotiation. In terms of spontaneity feature, it could be shown by the learners’ laughter during the conversation. Meanwhile, interpersonality features occurred were filled pauses, repetition, false start, and chunk. Then, interactivity features were turn-taking, back-channeling, and discourse markers. Also, those number of features and its functions implied in this casual conversation have an essential contribution. For instance, filled pauses can be used to take time to think of what is going to say. This study suggests that further research investigates how cultural and gender affect the speakers’ spoken features in monologue and dialogue speech, and also both formal and non-formal situations
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