Penja is the local name for the postlarvae of fish belonging to the Gobioidei, whose appearance at certain times is an amphidromous migration process from the sea to rivers. This group of fish is generally referred to as amphidromous gobies. This study aimed to reveal some facts related to the species diversity of penja based on morphological characteristics. The study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2019 in West Sulawesi and Gorontalo Bay, Indonesia. Amphidromous goby samples at the penja (postlarval) stage were obtained from fishermen’s catches and from traditional markets in each location. The samples obtained were measured and described based on morphological differences. The total length of the sampled penja ranged from 18 mm to 58 mm. All penja were identified as belonging to one of two families, the Gobiidae and Eleotridae. Although the species obtained from the waters of West Sulawesi and Gorontalo Bay were similar, there were variations in species composition (relative abundance) based on observed morphology of penja postlarvae from these two locations.
Sulawesi is an island famous for its biodiversity, including many endemic species. In particular, Sulawesi has the highest number of gobies in the world, including species with potential as food and/or ornamental fishes. The exploration of freshwater ichthyofauna is important in the context of Indonesian and global biodiversity. This research aimed to identify gobies found in the Luwuk Banggai area of Central Sulawesi, as a contribution to the exploration of Indonesian ichthyofaunal biodiversity. Gobies were sampled from January to March 2019 in the Biak and Koyoan Rivers. The sampled fish were measured and identified based on morphological characteristics. A total of 52 specimens were collected, and identified as belonging to 17 species within two families, the Gobiidae and Eleotridae. Gobies from the Koyoan River comprised 32 specimens from 8 species, while 20 specimens belonging to species were found in the Biak River. Only two species were found in both rivers: Stiphodon semoni and Sicyopterus lagocephalus. These results augment the body of knowledge regarding the presence and distribution of gobies in Indonesia
The taxonomic status of three small [probably less than ca. 600 mm in the largest total length (TL)] and poorly known species, Trichiurus brevis Wang and You, 1992 and T. minor Li, 1992, both from South China Sea, and T. russelli Dutt and Thankam, 1966, from Bengal Bay, was reexamined. Trichiurus brevis and T. russelli, being valid species, are redescribed and a neotype is designated for the latter. Trichiurus brevis is considered to be a senior synonym of T. minor, there being no significant differences in their type specimens. Both valid species, i.e., T. brevis and T. russelli, are similar to T. lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 (larger than ca. 1000 mm TL) in general appearance, but clearly differ from the latter in having the top of the supraoccipital crest situated directly above the posterior margin of eye (vs. well behind posterior margin), lower number of total vertebrae (147-155 and 149-153, respectively, in the former two species vs. 168-173 in T. lepturus), longer dorsal fin base (mean 87% and mean 84% vs. mean 76% of TL), and shorter caudal peduncle length (6% and 8% vs. 13% of TL). Furthermore, the former two species are characterized by having the anal fin origin situated below about the 32nd-35th dorsal fin ray base, whereas in T. lepturus it is situated below the 37th-41st dorsal fin ray base. We recognize that T. brevis and T. russelli together comprise a species group, defined as the "T. russelli complex," in the genus Trichiurus, the two species differing in snout shape (strongly pointed in T. brevis vs. moderately pointed in T. russelli), snout length [mean 35% vs. mean 30% of head length (HL)], preopercle length (22% vs. 19% HL), predorsal length (70% vs. 63% HL), and dermal eye opening (16% vs. 18% HL).
Trichiurus australis, a new trichiurid fish, is described on the basis of four specimens collected off Burnett River mouth, Pialba and Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia. The new species strongly resembles Trichiurus brevis Wang and You, 1992 (distributed in the South China Sea), T. russelli Dutt and Thankam, 1967 (the northwestern Bay of Bengal and the northern Gulf of Thailand), and T. nickolensis Burhanuddin and Iwatsuki, 2003 (northwestern Australia) in having the highest point of the supraoccipital crest situated directly above the posterior margin of the eye and being relatively small in size (less than ca. 700 mm in total length: TL). It differs from those three species in having spinescent gill rakers almost with 2 equally long cusps [vs. (1, rarely 2 but 1 of them clearly shorter than another)], posterior caudal peduncle vertebrae bearing neural spines (vs. neural spines absent), longer caudal peduncle length (mean 16% TL vs. 6% in T. brevis, 8% in T. nickolensis, and 8% in T. russelli), and shorter precaudal length (83% vs. 93%, 91%, and 91%), preanal length (26% vs. 33%, 31%, and 35%), and head length (9% vs. 12%, 11%, and 13%). We have tentatively classified this new species under the "Trichiurus russelli complex" because the foregoing diagnostic characters are identical to this species complex except for the presence of neural spines in the posterior caudal vertebrae.
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