y b o t h a s an a n t i -e m e t i c and a l s o t o i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f g a s t r i c emptying ( P i n d e r g! o t h e r s , 1 9 7 6 ) . The a n t i -e m e t i c e f f e c t o f metoclopramide is p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d t o i t s a c t i o n i n b l o c k i n g dopamine r e c e p t o r s ( p e r i n g e r & o t h e r s , 1975; Day & Blower, 1 9 7 5 ) . However, t h e mechanism o f i t s a c t i o n on t h e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t i s n o t c l e a r and a number of p o s s i b i l i t i e s have been s u g g e s t e d ( f o r review see P i n d e r & o t h e r s , 1 9 7 6 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e a c t i o n o f metoclopramide h a s been examined on t h e smooth muscle o f t h e r a t g a s t r i c fundus p r e p a r a t i o n (Vane, 1957) i n which t h e i n t r i n s i c n e u r a l e l e m e n t s have been a c t i v a t e d by e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d s t i m u l a t i o n . F i e l d s t i m u l a t i o n s were a p p l i e d f o r t r a i n s o f 100 p u l s e s o f supramaximal s t r e n g t h (140 v o l t ) and 2 m.sec p u l s e w i d t h a t f r e q u e n c i e s o v e r t h e r a n g e 0 . 5 t o 20 H e r z . The r e s p o n s e s t o f i e l d s t i m u l a t i o n i n c o n t r o l p r e p a r a t i o n s were f r e q u e n c y -r e l a t e d c o n t r a c t i o n s which were p o t e n t i a t e d by n e o s t i g m i n e (10-100 ng/ml) o r e s e r i n e (10-100 ng/ml) and were a b o l i s h e d by e i t h e r t e t r o d o t o x i n (1 ug/ml) o r a t r o p i n e (20 t o 100 ng/ml). I t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e c o n t r a c t i l e r e s p o n s e s were mediated v i a a c t i v a t i o n o f c h o l i n e r g i c n e r v e e l e m e n t s i n t h e muscle. Metoclopramide ( 1 t o 10 ug/ml) i n c r e a s e d t h e r e s p o n s e s to c h o l i n e r g i c n e r v e s t i m u l a t i o n a t a l l f r e q u e n c i e s of s t i m u l a t i o n a l t h o u g h t h e e f f e c t w a s most marked o v e r t h e f r e q u e n c y r a n g e 0 . 5 t o 2 Herz; r e s p o n s e s to added a c e t y l c h o l i n e (1 t o 5 0 ng/ml) were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y changed by metoclopramide. The p o s s i b i l i t y w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h a t metoclopramide was i n c r e a s i n g r e s p o n s e s t o c h o l i n e r g i c n e r v e s t i m u l a t i o n by b l o c k i n g e i t h e r i n h i b i t o r y n o r a d r e n e r g i c o r " p u r i n e r g i c " ( B u r n s t o c k , 1972) nervous e l e m e n t s a l s o a c t i v a t e d by f i e l d s t i m u l a t i o n . The s y m p a t h e t i c component of t h e f i e l d s t i m u l a t i o n r e s p o n s e s w e r e a b o l i s h e d by e i t h e r p h e n t o l a m i n e ( 1 t o 3 ug/ml) or b e t h a n i d i n e ( 1 t o 20 pg/ml) which r e s u l t e d i n a s m a l l i n c r e a s e i n t h e c o n t r a c t i l e r e s p o n s e s b u t d i d n o t p r e v e n t t h e u s u a l enhancement o f t h e r e s p o n s e s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f...
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of two commercially available dietary supplements on measures of Metabolic Balance, Inflammation, and Psychological Mood State. The supplements are (1) a whole Mangosteen fruit/rind juice (Xango™), and (2) an herbal blend containing Citrus sinensis, Eurycoma longifolia, Camelia sinensis, and L‐theanine (Eleviv™). Previous studies have shown benefits on measures of inflammation (Xango) and hormone balance and mood (Eleviv).MethodsWe recruited 30 moderately stressed subjects (22 women/8 men) for this 4‐week placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. Each participant was randomly assigned to consume 6oz/d of the Juice/Placebo (3oz AM/3oz PM) and 2 capsules/d of the Herbal/Placebo (AM).ResultsThere were no significant differences on measures of female reproductive hormones (Progesterone, Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone, 2‐hydroxyestrone, 16‐alpha‐hydroxysterone, and Estrone Sulfate). Significant differences between groups were found for measures of Inflammation (−59% C‐Reactive Protein); Metabolic Balance (+421% ratio between Free Androgen Index/24h Cortisol exposure), Vigor (+27%), and Tension (−34%).ConclusionThese data provide clear evidence that consuming the supplements together for 4 weeks provides a range of metabolic benefits. This study was conducted by SupplementWatch and funded by Xango, LLC.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.