A. C. A. GONÇALVES (2),

A uniformidade de aplicação de água por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional, foi estudada acima e abaixo da superfície do solo. Foram adotados dois espaçamentos entre aspersores e coeficientes estatísticos de uniformidade empregados para a realização de comparações quantitativas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a redistribuição de água no solo promove uniformidade da umidade do solo maior que a identificada para a lâmina aplicada. O maior espaçamento entre aspersores promoveu menor uniformidade, acima e abaixo da superfície; no entanto, a uniformidade da umidade do solo foi alta o bastante para atender aos critérios usualmente adotados na irrigação por aspersão, ao contrário do identificado acima da superfície. Palavras-chave: irrigação, aspersão, uniformidade de distribuição THE INFLUENCE OF SPRINKLER SPACING ON THE DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY OF WATER ABOVE AND BELOW THE SOIL SURFACE ABSTRACTThe application uniformity of water, below and above the soil surface, by a conventional sprinkler irrigation system was studied. Two sprinkler spacings were tested and statistical uniformity coefficients were used to make quantitative comparisons. The results obtained indicated that the redistribution of soil water promotes soil moisture uniformity greater than that identified for the depth of water applied. The larger sprinkler spacing resulted in lower uniformity below and above the soil surface, but soil moisture uniformity remained high enough to meet the usual criterias adopted in sprinkler irrigation, which was not the case above surface. INTRODUÇÃOA irrigação é uma operação agrícola que tem como finalidade básica colocar água à disposição da planta mantendo o solo com umidade adequada utilizando, para isto, diferentes métodos de irrigação.Os diversos sistemas de irrigação têm sido avaliados pela uniformidade da água aplicada na superfície do solo, porém a planta retira água do volume de solo no qual o seu sistema radicular se encontra; portanto, pode-se supor que a uniformidade de distribuição da água no perfil do solo é mais importante que na sua superfície.

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The Kingdom of Portugal was established with the help of military-monastic orders, which provided important defence against Muslim armies during the 12th-13th century Christian conquest. While historical sources document the main events of this period, this research seeks to elucidate individual lifestyles and movement, aspects typically absent from written records. A multi-isotopic approach was used on skeletal material from eight Christian and two Muslim burials from Évora, Portugal (11th-13th centuries). Anthropological and archaeological evidence suggests the Christian adults belonged to the Évora Militia, which we seek to confirm through the reconstructed diet and mobility of these individuals. Stable carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes were measured in bone collagen, and radiogenic strontium, carbonate stable oxygen and apatite stable carbon isotopes were measured in tooth enamel. Results of the stable oxygen and radiogenic strontium isotopes indicated diverse origins of the Christian population, while at least one individual was local. The Muslim adult was local, as anticipated. The δ 13 C en (enamel) values provide evidence of childhood consumption of different cereals (C 3 and C 4 ), possibly linked to social status. The δ 13 C col (bone collagen) human values indicated mostly C 3 diets with varying inputs of C 4 , while δ 15 N reflected high protein intake overall. The mean diet-consumer spacing of this population was compared to other isotopic studies from Medieval Iberia and other European monastic/convent populations. A visible trend emerged in populations that likely followed religious fasting rules, including the Évora Christians. The results of this study indicate that the Order of Évora was composed of members from diverse geographic and possibly social origins, an aspect previously unclear in written sources. applied stable isotopes to reconstruct the way of life of medieval populations. This approach is used here to investigate the Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which was a period of significant cultural, religious and ideological change. During the 12th and 13th centuries, military monastic orders were established and expanded throughout Spain and Portugal to capture cities and towns from Islamic control and protect them against recurring attacks (Faria, 2001;Farwell and Molleson, 1993). A series of excavations in the museum cellars in

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