Bakgrunn: Hoftebrudd er en viktig årsak til sykdom og død med 1.3 millioner brudd årlig i verden og en fortsatt stigende insidens. Risikofaktorer er høy alder, osteoporose og skrøpelighet, og de fleste bruddene skyldes lav energitraumer på grunn av fall. Høy alder, nedsatt funksjon før bruddet og mannlig kjønn øker risiko for et uheldig resultat, mens fall utendørs er prognostisk gunstig.Utvikling av såkalt ortogeriatriske behandlingsmodeller for hoftebrudd som bruker teknikker og prinsipper utviklet i geriatrien er en måte å bedre prognosen for pasientene. Det er utviklet flere modeller:1. Konsultasjonsmodeller der pasienten på vanlig måte behandles i en ortopedisk avdeling, men får tilsyn og vurdering av geriater eller et geriatrisk team under oppholdet, og der teamet deretter foreslår tiltak til ortoped. 2. Modeller med felles ansvar der geriater og ortoped inngår i et team som utreder og behandler pasienten og legger en felles plan for videre oppfølging. 3. Geriatrisk team modeller der utredning og behandling (med unntak av selve kirurgien)foregår i en geriatrisk avdeling tilpasset bruddbehandling, og der ortopeder ansvarlig for operasjon, men ellers kun konsulteres ved behov. Målsetninger for studien: Overordnet mål for studien var å undersøke om bred geriatrisk utredning og behandling (CGC) ga en tilleggsgevinst sammenlignet med tradisjonell ortopedisk behandling (OC).Målsetninger for denne avhandlingen er:1. Å beskrive bakgrunn, utvikling og prinsippene bak de orthogeriatriske modellen og hvordan den skiller seg fra vanlig behandling (Artikkel I). 2. Å presentere kliniske resultat (Artikkel II): a. Mobilitet fire måneder etter bruddet (primaert endepunkt) b. Sekundaere endepunkt: i. Mobilitet etter en og 12 måneder, og p-i-ADL, kognisjon, frykt for å falle, stemningsleie og livskvalitet en, fire og 12 måneder etter bruddet, ii. Bruk av helsetjenester første året etter bruddet 3. Finne ut om effekten på mobilitet, p-og-i-ADL og kognisjon var avhengig av alder, kjønn, bruddtype og funksjon før bruddet (Artikkel III).Metode: Hoftebruddsstudien i Trondheim er en randomisert kontrollert studie basert på ortogeriatrimodell 3 ovenfor. Studien sammenligner standard ortopedisk behandling (OC) med ortogeriatrisk behandling i en egen enhet (CGC). Hjemmeboende pasienter 70 år eller eldre som klarer å gå minst 10m og som har et lavenergibrudd kunne inkluderes, mens pasienter fra sykehjem, høy-energi brudd, patologisk fraktur eller annen sykdom med forventede leveutsikter på mindre enn 3 måneder ble ekskludert. Behandlingen er basert på bred geriatrisk utredning (CGA) og gjennomføres av et tverrfaglig team bestående av geriater (overlege eller lege i spesialisering), sykepleier, fysioterapeut og ergoterapeut; teamet har regelmessige møter der det lages individuelle behandlingsplaner og settes mål for opphold og klargjør videre behov etter utreise samt behandlingsmål. Behandlingen er helhetlig og fokuserer på tidlig mobilisering, gjennomgang av den enkelte pasient med tanke på bakenforliggende sykdom, medisingjennomgang...

BackgroundHip fractures are common among frail elderly persons and often have serious consequences on function, mobility and mortality. Traditional treatment of these patients is performed in orthopedic departments without additional geriatric assessment. However, studies have shown that interdisciplinary geriatric treatment may be beneficial compared to traditional treatment. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether treatment of these patients in a Department of Geriatrics (DG) during the entire hospital stay gives additional benefits as compared to conventional treatment in a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (DOS).FindingsA new clinical pathway for in-hospital treatment of hip fracture patients was developed. In this pathway patients were treated pre-and postoperatively in DG. Comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed as an interdisciplinary, multidimensional, systematic assessment of all patients focusing on each patient’s capabilities and limitations as recommended in guidelines and systematic reviews. Identification and treatment of co-morbidities, pain relief, hydration, oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, prevention and management of delirium, assessment of falls and osteoporosis were emphasized. Discharge planning started as early as possible. Initiation of rehabilitation with focus on early mobilisation and development of individual plans was initiated in hospital and continued after discharge from hospital. Fracture specific treatment was based upon standard treatment for the hospital, expert opinions and a review of the literature.ConclusionA new treatment program for old hip fracture patients was developed, introduced and run in the DG, the potential benefits of which being compared with traditional care of hip fracture patients in the DOS in a randomised clinical trial.

BackgroundHip fractures in older people are associated with high morbidity, mortality, disability and reduction in quality of life. Traditionally people with hip fracture are cared for in orthopaedic departments without additional geriatric assessment. However, studies of postoperative rehabilitation indicate improved efficiency of multidisciplinary geriatric rehabilitation as compared to traditional care. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to investigate whether an additional comprehensive geriatric assessment of hip fracture patients in a special orthogeriatric unit during the acute in-hospital phase may improve outcomes as compared to treatment as usual in an orthopaedic unit.Methods/designThe intervention of interest, a comprehensive geriatric assessment is compared with traditional care in an orthopaedic ward. The study includes 401 home-dwelling older persons >70 years of age, previously able to walk 10 meters and now treated for hip fracture at St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. The participants are enrolled and randomised during the stay in the Emergency Department. Primary outcome measure is mobility measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at 4 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes measured at 1, 4 and 12 months postoperatively are place of residence, activities of daily living, balance and gait, falls and fear of falling, quality of life and depressive symptoms, as well as use of health care resources and survival.DiscussionWe believe that the design of the study, the randomisation procedure and outcome measurements will be of sufficient strength and quality to evaluate the impact of comprehensive geriatric assessment on mobility and other relevant outcomes in hip fracture patients.Trials registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00667914

BackgroundHip fracture patients are heterogenous. Certain patient characteristics are associated with poorer prognosis, but less is known about differences in response to treatment among subgroups. The Trondheim Hip Fracture trial found beneficial effects on mobility and function from comprehensive geriatric care (CGC) compared to traditional orthopaedic care (OC). The aim of this study was to explore differences in response to CGC among subgroups in this trial.MethodsSecondary analysis of the complete dataset from Trondheim Hip Fracture Trial, a randomised controlled trial including 397 home-dwelling older adults (≥70 years) with a hip fracture. Subgroups were age (over/under 80 years), gender, fracture type (intra-/extracapsular), and pre-fracture instrumental ADL (i-ADL) (defined as over/under 45 on the Nottingham Extended ADL scale). Dependent variables were mobility (Short Physical Performance Battery), personal ADL (p-ADL) (Barthel Index), i-ADL (Nottingham Extended ADL scale), cognition (Mini-Mental Status Examination), four and 12 months after hip fracture. Data were analysed by linear mixed models with interactions (treatment, time, and subgroup), reporting treatment effects being clinically and statistically significant within and between subgroups.ResultsAnalyses within subgroups showed beneficial effects of CGC on mobility and i-ADL either at four or twelve months in all subgroups except for males, extra-capsular fractures and patients with impaired pre-fracture i-ADL. Beneficial effect on p- ADL was found in patients < 80 years, intra-capsular fractures and patients with impaired pre-fracture i-ADL. Effects on cognition were found in patients < 80 years and men.The interaction analyses showed that CGC had statistically significant better treatment effect on i-ADL for younger participants at four months (p = 0.004), on p-ADL both at four (p = 0.037) and twelve months (p = 0.045) and mobility at twelve months (p = 0.021), for participants with intracapsular as compared to extracapsular fractures, and on i-ADL at twelve months for participants with higher pre-fracture function (p = 0.012).ConclusionContrary to our hypothesis that the most vulnerable patients would benefit the most from CGC, we found the intervention effect was most pronounced in younger, female participants with higher pre-fracture i-ADL function.Trial rigistrationClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00667914.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0218-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

PurposeIn the Trondheim Hip Fracture Trial, 397 home-dwelling patients with hip fractures were randomised to comprehensive geriatric care (CGC) in a geriatric ward or traditional orthopaedic care (OC). Patients in the CGC group had significantly better mobility and function 4 months after discharge. This study explores group differences in drug prescribing and possible associations with the outcomes in the main study.MethodsDrugs prescribed at admission and discharge were registered from hospital records. Mobility, function, fear of falling and quality of life were assessed using specific rating scales. Linear regression was used to analyse association between drug changes and outcomes at 4 months.ResultsThe mean age was 83 years, and 74% were females. The mean number (± SD) of drugs in the CGC and OC groups was 3.8 (2.8) and 3.9 (2.8) at inclusion and 7.1 (2.8) and 6.2 (3.0) at discharge, respectively (p = 0.003). The total number of withdrawals was 209 and 82 in the CGC and OC groups, respectively (p < 0.0001), and the number of starts was 844 and 526, respectively (p < 0.0001). A significant negative association was found between the number of drug changes during the hospital stay and mobility and function 4 months later in both groups. However, this association disappeared when adjusting for baseline function and comorbidities.ConclusionThese secondary analyses suggest that there are significant differences in the pharmacological treatment between geriatric and orthopaedic wards, but these differences could not explain the beneficial effect of CGC in the Trondheim Hip Fracture Trial.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00228-017-2263-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The present Norwegian coding practice does not document acute poisoning deaths in hospital correctly, and registry studies based on diagnosis codes should be interpreted with care. Current registration of poisoning agents' ATC-codes is insufficient and the Norwegian version of ICD-10 alone is not suitable for classification of acute drug poisoning. Replacement of the Norwegian ICD-10 version by the original international version should be considered and/or the routines for registration of ATC-codes should be improved.

Om lag 9 000 personer i Norge får et brudd i øvre femurende hvert år. Denne pasientgruppen er sårbar -med mange komorbide tilstander, høyt legemiddelforbruk og høy prevalens av demens. Prognosen er alvorlig. Et strukturert samarbeid mellom spesialister i ortopedi og geriatri gir bedre behandlingsresultat for pasientene og nye vitenskapelige innfallsvinkler.

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