This study of 9605 community-dwelling residents supports that vitamin D and calcium supplementation may prevent osteoporotic fractures in elderly in a northern European region known to be deficient in vitamin D, especially during winter periods. Introduction:We evaluated the effect of two programs for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures leading to acute hospital admission in a population of elderly community-dwelling residents. Materials and Methods: This was a factorial, cluster-randomized, pragmatic, intervention study. We included 9605 community-dwelling residents aged 66ϩ years. We offered a prevention program of a daily supplement of 1000 mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate and 400 IU (10 g) of vitamin D 3 to a total of 4957 participants. Another program with evaluation and suggestions for the improvement of the domestic environment was offered to a total of 5063 participants. Both programs included revision of the resident's current pharmaceutical treatment. We achieved information on osteoporotic fractures in the study population from the Danish Hospital Registration Database. We defined osteoporotic fractures as low energy fractures of the proximal humerus, distal forearm, vertebral column, pelvis, cervical femur, and intertrochanteric femur.
Study objective-The aim was to investigate the possible association between parity, as indicated by the number of childbirths, and prevalence of urinary incontinence in an adult female population sample.Design and setting-A sample of 3114 women aged 30-59 years was selected at random from the population of Aarhus, Denmark, and mailed a self administered questionnaire on urinary incontinence and, among other things, parity.Participants-A total of 2631 questionnaires was returned (85%) with a slight but significant decrease in respondency by age.Main results-The 1987 urinary incontinence period prevalence was 17%. Seventy eight percent were parous, and 24% had had three or more childbirths. In women aged 30-44 years, the prevalence of urinary incontinence was found to be associated with parity and, in women aged 45 years and more, with three or more childbirths. In parous women 30-44 years ofage, the prevalence of urinary incontinence increased with age at last childbirth and, in women aged 45 years and over, it increased with increasing parity but decreased with increasing age at first childbirth. In parous women, no association was found with time since last childbirth. Among clinical types of urinary incontinence, stress incontinence consistently showed the strongest associations with indicators of parity. In women aged 30-44 years, nearly two thirds of the 1987 prevalence of stress incontinence could be attributed to parity.Conclusions-These findings support the hypothesis that pregnancy and childbirth are potent causes of female urinary incontinence, so that they exert considerable impact on the level of population urinary incontinence prevalence. In the individual woman, the effect seems to be cumulative and long lasting but fades with age. 7 Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 595-600The experience of episodes of urinary incontinence, involuntary loss of urine, seems to be a condition prevalent not only in elderly women but also in the young and middle aged female populations of western industrialised countries. In publications on the prevalence of urinary incontinence (PuI) In spite of the fact that much is known about the pathophysiology and the clinical features of urinary incontinence, documentation on its aetiology is scarce. Several factors may determine adult female Pu1, eg, age2 and health status.3 Moreover, in everyday medical practice pregnancy and childbirth are thought to be potent causes of urinary incontinence, but published studies investigating possible associations between pregnancy or childbirth and incontinence are rare and their findings seem mutually conflicting.We have been able to identify only a few studies concerned with the prevalence of urinary incontinence, while none deals with incidence. Table I gives an overview of such published cross sectional studies on parity-indicating pregnancies and childbirths in the past-and Pu, that present information sufficient for reanalysis for comparison of findings. The reanalyses had to be restricted to bivariate associations, as none...
Design of the experiment is to study the crosssectional sample with retrospective information. The objective is to identify the types of physical activity associated with the decreased occurrence of low-back pain (LBP) in schoolchildren. Physical activity may be hypothesized to possess a potential for LBP prevention. The possible connection between LBP and specific sports activities is however sparsely documented. A total of 546, 15-to 16-year-old schoolchildren filled a questionnaire on current physical activities and LBP occurrence and severity. In multiple logistic regressions, the association of LBP with exposure variables was corrected for body height and weight (data from school health service files) and for anthropometric and school furniture parameters. More than half of the children reported pain or discomfort in the low-back region during the preceding 3 months, and 1/4 experienced a decreased functioning or need of care because of LBP. LBP correlated with physical inactivity, e.g. time spent on homework and hours watching TV or video, and with a series of sports activities, e.g. jogging, handball playing and gymnastics. Among sports activities, only swimming and the number of hours per week participating in soccer were associated with a decreased LBP prevalence. With the exception of swimming and soccer, the types of sport reported by this schoolchild population do not offer themselves for consideration as tools for LBP prevention. Based on the associations found with indicators of physical inactivity, attempts to motivate the children to increase their general physical activity level should be considered for trial.
Perceived discrimination among young refugees from the Middle East is associated with mental problems and social adaptation. Discrimination seems to provoke internalizing but not externalizing behaviour. The direction of other pathways is ambiguous, suggesting a certain amount of recursive interaction between mental health, discrimination and social adaptation.
In a population sample, the period prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy was found to be 19.9% and 24.1% among 352 nulliparous and 290 primiparous women, respectively. The first UI episode ever was experienced by 16.7% and 7.0% during the two last trimesters of the first and second pregnancies, respectively. None of the pregnancy-specific risk factors, such as emesis and birthweight, was significantly associated with UI during pregnancy. Previous UI was a significant risk factor for period prevalent UI during pregnancy, explaining 34% and 83% of pregnancy UI for the nulliparous and the primiparous, respectively. The present data suggest pregnancy UI not to be provoked by the mere onset of pregnancy, but by increasing hormonal concentrations or local tissue changes caused by hormones, whereas there was no support for a theory based on increasing pressure on the bladder caused by the weight of the fetus.
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