Non-industrial private forest owners' knowledge of and attitudes towards nature conservation.This study examined the knowledge of and attitudes towards nature conservation. A questionnaire enquiring about aspects related to education, land-holdings and attributes was answered by 393 Swedish non-industrial private forest owners. Attendance on the National Board of Forestry's educational programmes, self-estimated knowledge about conservation and knowledge about forest species were all related to a positive attitude towards conservation. Education in forestry was related to knowledge of conservation, but not to the attitude towards it. Dependence on income from the forest, age / 55 yrs and a land-use-related occupation, all indicated a less positive attitude. Compared with men, women were less active owners with less forestry education, but younger women with high formal education had the most positive attitude of all. The results suggest that forest owners should be encouraged to attend regularly updated courses, and that courses should be available for non-active owners on how to put a pro-environmental attitude into practice.
This paper presents the results of a combined theoretical and laboratory study of the formation of shear bands in triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and plane strain compression. The principal finding is that shear bands are initiated more easily under plane strain than under axially symmetric conditions of the triaxial test. The triaxial compression test is most resistant to shear banding, although the theory tends to overestimate the stability of this test. The lack of agreement between the theory and experiment requires a reassessment of the suitability of isotropic hardening laws even for monotonic loading.
Current standard direct shear test methods for rock joints do not account for damage to the specimens' asperity profiles; tests require shearing of a single specimen to large displacements under successive normal stresses (the multistage test), or the use of similar specimens in multiple tests. Due to the inherently unique nature of rock joints and corresponding difficulty in obtaining specimens with identical or even similar geometries, multistage tests are more common. A major issue with the multistage test is that successive shearing of the specimen damages the surface asperities and changes its overall roughness profile, reducing the peak shear stress and consequently resulting in underestimation of the friction angle and overestimation of the joint shear intercept (cohesion). The limited displacement multistage direct shear (LDMDS) test method minimizes these testing imperfections by allowing shearing of a single specimen without extensive asperity damage, accomplished by immediately pausing shear displacement once peak shear stress has been reached, then proceeding to shear the specimen under the following normal stress value, and shearing into the post-peak region only after identifying multiple values of peak shear strength. The authors have validated the LDMDS procedure using cement replicates of rock joints, demonstrating that it yields more accurate strength parameters than the standard multistage direct shear test.
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