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All methods left root canal filling material on the canal walls. Radiographic evaluation failed to detect the extent of remaining root filling material, which could only be detected using microscopy.

XP and PUI were more effective in removing Ca(OH) from artificial standardized grooves in the apical third of root canals than SNI.

Preparation with the SAF system resulted in less hard-tissue debris accumulation in isthmus-containing root canal systems compared with instrumentation with ProTaper rotary files.

No system removed the root filling materials entirely. The use of the SAF after rotary instrumentation using ProTaper Universal retreatment files resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of filling residue in curved canals of mandibular molars.

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Even when extensive periapical pathosis is associated with a tooth with type III dens invaginatus, pulp sensibility tests should be performed. CBCT is a diagnostic tool that may allow for the management of such teeth with complex anatomy. 3D printed plastic models may be a valuable aid in the process of assessing and planning effective treatment modalities and practicing them ex vivo before actually performing the clinical procedure. Unconventional technological approaches may be required for detailed treatment planning of complex cases of dens invaginatus.